After World War II, automobile use expanded rapidly in the developed countries. As a result, travel pattern changed entirely and automobile has become the dominant form of transport in cities. As a result, the city has been shaped and sized in response to automobile needs. Such increase caused traffic problems in the Central Business Districts and surrounding areas. The problems of traffic congestion and pedestrian circulation have become an important issue in the whole city. As traffic problems have grown in developed cities, they had to be engaged in managing travel demand of people in order to provide mobility and access with reference to the advancing principles of sustainability. In this scope, this study shows the need of travel demand management to create a sustainable transport system. As a case, this study will evaluate the transport problems of Ankara and the place of the city in the urban transport policy process. At this point, transport problems and the transformation of road network and their impacts on the city will be examined in four periods. As a conclusion, urban transportation strategies needed for creating a sustainable transport system are overviewed for the city of Ankara.

Souvent méconnues, les beatas de la Couronne de Castille, réunies en petites communautésappelées beaterios, ont jusqu’à présent très peu attiré l’attention de l’historiographie. Considérées commedes femmes laïques se livrant, au milieu du XVe siècle, à des formes de dévotions populaires et à despratiques mystiques jugées hétérodoxes, les beatas recouvrent pourtant une réalité plurielle et complexeque cette thèse entend approfondir. Un dépouillement minutieux de sources inédites dispersées enEspagne et au Vatican a permis de bâtir une vaste enquête prosopographique sur 195 beaterios et354 beatas, dont l’objectif est de mieux définir et appréhender la naissance, l’implantation géographiqueet la répartition de ces foyers dans les royaumes et les villes de Castille, entre 1450 et 1600. Notrerecherche se propose donc d’appréhender les modes de vie et les pratiques spirituelles de cescommunautés féminines dans leur diversité, en insistant sur leur engagement caritatif et leur intégrationdans la société et la vie religieuse castillanes des XVe et XVIe sièclesement le nombre et la répartition de ces foyers, et d’autre part, pour connaître et comprendre leur intégration, leur mode de vie, et définir de la sorte les conditions d’existence éphémère de ces communautés. L’étude de la singularité des pratiques, de l’entourage et des parcours des beatas analysées tout au long de ce travail, permettra, selons nous, de proposer une réflexion mûrie et nuancée sur l’implication de la beata dans la vie sociale et religieuse castillane des XVe et XVIe siècles. / The little-known beatas from the Crown of Castile, who often lived together in smallcommunities called beaterios, have so far drawn little attention from historians. They are usuallyconsidered, in fairly general terms, as mid-15th century lay women who practised popular forms ofdevotion and a form of mysticism which fell foul of the Catholic orthodoxy. Actually, the beatasconstituted a plural, complex phenomenon that this thesis endeavours to explore. Indeed, the carefulanalysis of original sources from various locations in Spain as well as in the Vatican City leads to awide-randing prosopographical survey of 195 beaterios and 354 beatas, in order to better understand thecreation, geography and distribution of these communities in the kingdom and towns of Castile,between 1450 and 1600. This thesis offers to consider the diversity of lifestyles and spiritual practicesof these female communities, with a focus on their charitable work and their integration in Castiliansociety and religious life in the 15th and 16th centuries

Lateral load carrying capacities of reinforced concrete structures which are designed by considering only gravity loads or according to outdated earthquake codes can be insufficient. The most important problem for these buildings is the limited ductility of the frame elements. How to evaluate the performance of an existing structure and to what level to strengthen it had been major concerns for structural engineers. Recent earthquakes which occurred in the Marmara Region in the last decade have increased the number of seismic assessment projects drastically. However, there was no special guideline or code dealing with the assessment of existing buildings. In order to have uniformity in assessment projects, a new chapter has been included in the revised Turkish Earthquake Code (2006). In this study, the existing and retrofitted conditions of a reinforced concrete building were assessed comparatively by employing linear and nonlinear assessment procedures according to different seismic rehabilitation codes. The study was carried out on a six storey reinforced concrete telephone exchange building. Although there was no damage in the structure due to the recent earthquakes that occurred in the Marmara Region, the building was assessed and retrofitted in 2001 by using equivalent lateral load analysis results. The results of linear and nonlinear assessment procedures performed in the scope of this thesis, were also compared with the assessment results of this previous study. In the nonlinear assessment procedures, pushover analysis results were used. In addition to comparison of the assessment procedures, efficiency of a widely used approximate pushover method was also investigated.

This dissertation presents a novel multi-robot coordination control algorithm for search and rescue (SAR) operations. Continuous and rapid coverage of the unstructured and complex disaster areas in search of possible buried survivors is a time critical operation where prior information about the environment is either not available or very limited. Human navigation of such areas is definitely dangerous due to the nature of the debris. Hence, exploration of unknown disaster environments with a team of robots is gaining importance day by day to increase the efficiency of SAR operations. Localization of possible survivors necessitates uninterrupted navigation of robotic aiding devices within the rubbles without getting trapped into dead ends. In this work, a novel goal oriented prioritized exploration and map merging methodologies are proposed to generate efficient multi-robot coordination control strategy. These two methodologies are merged to make the proposed methodology more realistic for real world applications. Prioritized exploration of an environment is the first important task of the efficient coordination control algorithm for multi-robots. A goal oriented and prioritized exploration approach based on a percolation model for victim search operation in unknown environments is presented in this work. The percolation model is used to describe the behavior of liquid in random media. In our approach robots start prioritized exploration beginning from regions of the highest likelihood of finding victims using percolation model inspired controller. A novel map merging algorithm is presented to increase the performance of the SAR operation in the sense of time and energy. The problem of merging partial occupancy grid environment maps which are extracted independently by individual robot units during search and rescue (SAR) operations is solved for complex disaster environments. Moreover, these maps are combined using intensity and area based features without knowing the initial position and orientation of the robots. The proposed approach handles the limitation of existing works in the literature such as / limited overlapped area between partial maps of robots is sufficient for good merging performance and unstructured partial environment maps can be merged efficiently. These abilities allow multi-robot teams to efficiently generate the occupancy grid map of catastrophe areas and localize buried victim in the debris efficiently.

Forging is a manufacturing process which is preferred among the others in that, the final product shows more enhanced properties. The properties of the final product are directly related with the material used in the forging process. Main parameters such as forging temperature, number of stages, preform design, dimensions of the billet, etc. may be affected by the forging material. Alloys are one of the main areas of interest in the forging industry. The use of alloy steels may bring superior properties, especially in terms of strength and forgeability. In this study, three different alloy steels, which are hot forged in industry have been examined. The flow of the material, stress distribution, die filling and the effects of the process parameters on the forging have been investigated. Three industrial forging parts / M20 and M30 eye bolts and a runner block have been studied. Finite Volume Analysis of the forging process has been performed for carbon steels / C45 and C60 and alloy steels / a stainless steel X20Cr13, a heattreatable alloy steel, 42CrMo4 and a bearing steel, 100Cr6. The results of the simulations have been compared with the findings of the experiments carried out in a forging company. It has been observed that numerical and experimental results are in good agreement.

This thesis seeks to offer a clearer understanding of the Jesuit theologians and philosophers who comprised the group known the 'Fourvière Jesuits'. Led by Henri de Lubac and Jean Daniélou, they formed part of the nouvelle théologie, an influential French reform movement that flourished from the 1930s until its suppression in 1950. After identifying a certain lacuna in the secondary literature, this thesis attempts to remedy certain historical deficiencies by constructing a history both sensitive to the wider intellectual, political, economic, and cultural milieu of the French interwar crisis, and that establishes continuity with the Modernist crisis and the First World War. Chapter One examines the modern French avant-garde generations that have shaped intellectual and political thought in France, providing context for a historical narrative of the Fourvière Jesuits more sensitive to the wider influences of French culture. This historical narrative of the Fourvière Jesuits follows four stages. Chapter Two examines the influential older generations that flourished from 1893 to 1914, such as the Dreyfus generation, the generation of Catholic Modernists, and two generations of older Jesuits, which were instrumental in the Fourvière Jesuits' development. Chapter Three explores the influence of the First World War and the years of the 1920s, during which the Jesuits were in religious and intellectual formation, relying heavily on unpublished letters and documents from the Jesuits archives in Paris (Vanves). Chapter Four analyses the crises of the 1930s, the emergence of the Fourvière Jesuits' wider generation, and their participation in the intellectual thirst for revolution. Chapter Five examines the decade of the 1940s, which saw the rise to prominence of the members of the generation of 1930, who, thanks to their participation in the resistance, emerged from the Second World War, with significant influence on the postwar French intellectual milieu.

This thesis is an examination of the Cistercian abbey of Coupar Angus, c.1164-c.1560, and its place within Scottish society. The subject of medieval monasticism in Scotland has received limited scholarly attention and Coupar itself has been almost completely overlooked, despite the fact that the abbey possesses one of the best sets of surviving sources of any Scottish religious house. Moreover, in recent years, long-held assumptions about the Cistercian Order have been challenged and the validity of Order-wide generalisations disputed. Historians have therefore highlighted the importance of dedicated studies of individual houses and the need to incorporate the experience of abbeys on the European ‘periphery’ into the overall narrative. This thesis considers the history of Coupar in terms of three broadly thematic areas. The first chapter focuses on the nature of the abbey’s landholding and prosecution of resources, as well as the monks’ burghal presence and involvement in trade. The second investigates the ways in which the house interacted with wider society outside of its role as landowner, particularly within the context of lay piety, patronage and its intercessory function. The final chapter is concerned with a more strictly ecclesiastical setting and is divided into two parts. The first considers the abbey within the configuration of the Scottish secular church with regards to parishes, churches and chapels. The second investigates the strength of Cistercian networks, both domestic and international. Through the exploration of these varied aspects, this study demonstrates that while Coupar maintained a strong sense of Cistercian identity and a European outlook, it was also highly enmeshed in and profoundly influenced by its immediate environment. The nature of Coupar’s experience was shaped by its locality, just as the abbey, in turn, had a reciprocal impact on its surroundings. Coupar was both a Cistercian house and a distinctively Scottish abbey.

The management of water resources and waste water varies between the countries of the EU. For many years, a large part of the water in Europe has been contaminated by, among other things, insufficiently treated waste water and emissions from agriculture. The EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EEC are intended to harmonize fresh-water management and waste water management within the whole EU, aiming at safeguarding drinking water of good quality and a high quality of all water within the EU today and in the future. There are however some problems concerning the waste-water directive. One problem is the huge investment needed in Slovakia to fulfil the demands of the waste-water directive for waste-water management in larger communities (with more than 2000 inhabitants). Many waste-water treatment plants need to be upgraded or built, and in addition a large part of the households in eastern Slovakia are not yet connected to a municipal water-supply and waste-water collecting system (including waste-water treatment). Subsidies from the EU’s structural funds are needed for Slovakia to fulfil the requirements of the waste-water directive. Because this directive only applies to larger communities, smaller communities and private sewage are not affected by the directive and therefore, in general, not eligible for financial funding from EU. Financial funding, however, is needed for addressing inadequate sewage in small communities with poor socioeconomic and municipal financial resources. For water protection to be effective, it is important to take also private sewage emissions into consideration, even though they might appear insignificant. Point emissions from insufficient private sewage (private sewage systems with insufficient waste-water treatment or emission of untreated waste water), primarily in small, tightly clustered communities in Slovakia or for example in Sweden in areas where weekend houses are being converted into permanent dwellings, are potential sources of pollution that can cause health or/and environmental problems. Inadequate private sewage can thus reduce the quality of both surface and ground water and have a negative impact on aquatic ecosystems, which in turn makes it more difficult to reach the quality standards of the Water Framework Directive and its daughter directives. This applies to both Slovakia and Sweden. The private sewage solutions that are recommended today are often satisfactory but not without problems. To give an example, miniature waste water treatment plants are expensive to put in place, require technological knowledge on the part of the property owner and they also require a daily flow of waste water to function properly. Improper handling of the miniature water treatment plant may cause inefficient or no water treatment at all, in some cases the bacterial content of the waste water may increase instead of being reduced. To address the problem concerning private sewage it is important that (1) waste-water solutions are adapted to local circumstances and financial funding are given to economically week municipalities (2) the property owner (owner of the private sewage) regularly controls the quality of the out-going treated wastewater (if it is possible) and (3) that efficient inspections with injunctions (from authorities) are carried out to discover faulty private sewage. Unfortunately financial funding, in general, is not given to small municipalities and/or inappropriate private sewage and inspections, both in Slovakia and Sweden, are generally slow.

In this study, extraction of phenolic compounds from sour cherry, peach and apple pomaces using high pressure extraction (HPE) and subcritical CO2 extraction (SCE) was investigated considering total phenolic content (TPC) and antiradical efficiency (AE). Different combinations of pressure (50, 125, 200 MPa), temperature (20, 40, 60&amp / #61616 / C), solid/solvent ratio (0.05, 0.15, 0.25 g/ml) and extraction time (10, 25, 40 min) were used for HPE according to the Box-Behnken experimental design. The variables used for SCE were pressure (20, 40, 60 MPa), temperature (40, 50, 60&amp / #61616 / C), ethanol concentration (14, 17, 20 wt%) and extraction time (10, 25, 40 min). For HPE, TPC and AE at the optimum conditions were 3.80 mg gae/g sample and 22 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for sour cherry pomace, 0.93 mg gae/g sample and 6.40 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for peach pomace and 2.08 mg gae/g sample and 10.80 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for apple pomace, respectively. For SCE, TPC and AE at the optimum conditions were 0.60 mg gae/g sample and 2.30 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for sour cherry pomace, 0.26 mg gae/g sample and 1.50 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for peach pomace and 0.47 mg gae/g sample and 3.30 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for apple pomace, respectively. Efficiency of HPE and SCE methods was compared with solvent extraction (SE). TPC and AE of the extracts obtained by HPE were close to those obtained by SE but the efficiency of SCE was low compared to HPE and SE. SCE was a better extraction method for apple and peach pomaces compared to sour cherry pomace.

This study, which aims to portray the circumstances of Ottoman women&rsquo / s movement during the first years of Second Constitutional Era from the eyes of the writers of Kadinlar D&uuml / nyasi Periodical, makes an analysis of the meanings ascribed to the efforts for the restoration of women&rsquo / s position in social life and the roles claimed for women during Ottoman modernization period. This research intends to confirm the fact that the basis for the mentality of defenders voicing women&rsquo / s rights was the progressive outlook which chose the &ldquo / women question&rdquo / as the focus on the way of securing not only social progress but also social integration, solidarity, national consciousness and progressiveness. Thus, the ideas expressed in the articles all written by women writers of Kadinlar D&uuml / nyasi are evaluated with the question in mind that whether the boundaries of Ottoman women&rsquo / s movement and the social role granted for them in the modernization process were wholly determined by the women themselves or theorized predominantly by the policymakers of the state who were all men. Deducing from the self-evaluation of women in Kadinlar D&uuml / nyasi of 1913, this thesis consequently underlines the fact that the struggle for women rights, which were carried out on behalf of patriotic and nationalist claims in accordance with the socio-political conditions of the time, could not overcome their invariable position of being &ldquo / historical objects&rdquo / despite of the fact that women held a considerable progress in their status during the Second Constitutional Era which laid the parameters of the &ldquo / women question&rdquo / during the early Republican Era.