The part played by the Anglican Communion in the culture wars against the Roman Church is little known. After 1870, for approximately twenty-five years following the Vatican Council, Anglicans gave active support to Old Catholics dissidents who rejected papal infallibility. In the 1870s, Old Catholic congresses and Reunion conferences constituted anti-Roman Catholic alliances. The Anglican reform mission operated in Catholic heartlands in Europe and America. This thesis focuses on one remarkable reform project and the prominent Catholic dissident priest, Hyacinthe Loyson (1827-1912). Loyson was the most celebrated French preacher of the 1860s - the most prominent priest to leave the French Church in protest against the ultramontane strategies of the Vatican. His first uncomfortable Old Catholic ministry was as cure of Geneva 1873-74, on the fiercest battleground of the European Kulturkampf Well-known internationally for his eloquence, friendly with Stanley, Tait and Gladstone, he was the obvious choice as rector-missioner in Paris. Adroit manoeuvring by leaders of the Anglo-Continental Society [ACS] secured a declaration of support from the Lambeth conference of 1878. Tait arranged episcopal oversight by the Scottish Primus and the ACS promised funding. The Eglise Catholique Gallicane [ECG] opened in Paris in 1879. High Churchmen strenuously opposed this 'invasion' of the Paris Archdiocese. Loyson lacked the temperament and stamina to be a reform leader. He had married in 1872 and his wife, controversially, aspired to partnership in ministry. The episcopal oversight was too remote, Anglican organisation inadequate and suitable assistant priests in short supply. The ECG was never self-supporting, always dependent on Anglican subscriptions. The ACS leadership lost patience with the quarrelling and lack of progress and they pulled out in 1882. Tait and other leading churchmen refused to let the Paris mission die and it continued until 1893 when, disillusioned, Loyson handed it over to the Archdiocese of Utrecht.

This dissertation examines the role played by Richard Whately, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin (1831-63), in a number of areas of Irish political and social life.

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This thesis provides a biography of a man whose importance in Church and State in the first half of the seventeenth century has never been fully appreciated. It is divided into eight sections, the first of which considers Neile's humble origins, education at Westminster and Cambridge, and patronage at the hands of the Cecil family and Archbishop Bancroft. It was as Dean of Westminster that Neile's exceptional talents as an administrator first became generally apparent. It was also at this time that he won the affection of King James I - the decisive factor in Neile's elevation to the episcopate and rapid advancement through the dioceses of Rochester, Lichfield and Coventry, Lincoln and Durham. Attention is focused on Neile's role as a bishop and on factors behind his administrative success, such as his ability to select and train able subordinates - clergymen and civil lawyers alike. Other chapters highlight more unusual facets of his career, such as his role as Lord Lieutenant of Durham County Palatine. Even his work in the House of Lords reveals wider interests than those normally expected of a bishop. Discussion of Neile's religious beliefs contributes to our knowledge of English Arminianism. Neile emerges as the great patron of this party and the practical effects of his views can be seen in his work as a Privy Councillor and as a judge in the courts of Star Chamber and High Commission. The implementation of Arminian policies at Winchester and after his final appointment as Archbishop of York was one of the major causes of the English Civil War.

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Hastings Rashdall was a well-known Anglican Churchman, who was engaged in debates and discussions with theologians and other scholars of his time. The thesis aims (i) negatively, to repudiate the view that Rashdall's work can be dismissed as stereotyped and outdated; (ii) positively, to show that he is a major contributor to the contemporary debates and a perennially outstanding theologian. Including in its detailed presentation of Rashdall's theological ideas previously unpublished material, the thesis aims to be an original contribution to scholarship in a hitherto neglected area. In Chapter 1 (Introduction) the life and work of Rashdall have been set out in historical context; that is: the later Victorian period from his birth in 1858, through the Edwardian reign and earlier period of George V, to his death in 1924. The main Chapters, 2-5, are on the following aspects respectively of Rashdall's work: doctrine of Atonement; Christology; doctrine of the Church; doctrine of Immortality. Chapter 2, centred on Rashdall's major work, The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology of 1919, is an analysis of his controversial writings and discussions. Chapter 3 is an investigation into his Christology, especially his speech to the Modern Churchman's Union at Girton College Cambridge in 1921. Chapter 4 treats a wide range of ecclesial topics: they may be identified as: ministry and orders; sacraments; ritual; subscription debates; disestablishment; ecumenism; education. Chapter 5: Rashdall's doctrine of immortality has been analysed in three respects: (i) the resurrection of Jesus; (ii) the after-life; (iii) current debates on the credibility of immortality. A final concluding Chapter reviews the themes of the major areas of Rashdall's theology, seeking to demonstrate its outstanding character. Some avenues for further research are suggested. The Conclusion includes reference to the discussions stimulated by his approaches for contemporary and later theologians.

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