This study examined effects of carbohydrate (C), carbohydrate-protein (CP), or placebo (P) beverages following eccentric resistance exercise on muscle damage by serum creatine kinase (CK), muscle protein breakdown by urinary 3-methylhistidine (3MH), muscle soreness, isokinetic muscle strength, muscle glycogen resynthesis, and serum hormones. Untrained males (N=26) underwent a 9-day controlled meat-free diet and 24 hr urine collections. To reduce glycogen, subjects cycled for 40 min at 70% of VO_2peakfollowed by 5 cycling sprints on day 4 evening. On day 5, fasted subjects performed 100 eccentric leg flexions at 120% of 1-RM and drank C (n=8, 1.25 g C/kg), CP (n=9, 0.875 g C/kg, 0.375 g protein/kg), or P (n=9) beverages immediate post-exercise (IPE) and 2 hr later. Muscle biopsies were taken IPE on day 5, and days 6 and 8 mornings. Blood was obtained days 4-10 fasted plus IPE, 3 hr, and 6 hr post-exercise on day 5. At 3 hr on day 5, insulin was higher for CP (24.6 ( 15.5 &amp;#181;IU/ml) and C (17.2 +/- 10.9 &amp;#181;IU/ml) than P (5.3 +/- 0.4 &amp;#181;IU/ml, p<.05). Glycogen was low on day 5, partially recovered on day 6, and normal by day 8 (p<.01) with no difference among groups. Isokinetic quadriceps peak torque at 60^o/s decreased 24% on day 6 and remained depressed by 21% on d 8 (p<.01) for all groups. Soreness peaked on day 7 and CK on day 8 (p<.01) with no differences by group. CK increased (p<.01) over day 5 (delta CP 24.6 +/- 19.1, delta P 39.2 +/- 71.6, delta C 70.8 +/- 60.4 U/L) and was highest for C (p<.05). On day 5, CP had lowest 3MH (193.0 +/- 13.8 &amp;#181;mol/d) versus C (251.1 +/- 22.5 &amp;#181;mol/d, p<.05). Testosterone at 3 hr on day 5 was lower for C (4.2 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) and CP (4.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) versus P (5.1 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, p<.05). In summary, glycogen, muscle strength and soreness were unaffected by beverage. However, a CP beverage may be beneficial for reducing muscle damage and protein breakdown on the day of eccentric resistance exercise. / Ph. D.

This study determined the effect of milk or carbohydrate-electrolyte supplementation immediately after resistance exercise on muscle protein breakdown before and after a 10-week resistance training program. Nineteen untrained males, 18-25 years of age, consumed either a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO) or milk (MILK) beverage immediately after a strenuous leg resistance exercise bout, both before and after training. Muscle protein breakdown, as estimated by 3-methylhistidine-to-creatinine ratio, was significantly reduced after resistance exercise for both groups, as the ratio was decreased by 19.9% from baseline on the day of resistance exercise. A trend was present for a training effect for 3-methylhistidine-to-creatinine ratio (p<0.07), as the reduction from before to after resistance exercise was greater after training. There was no difference in muscle protein breakdown between the groups. One hour after exercise, serum concentrations of amino acids were significantly elevated for MILK and significantly reduced for CHO. Serum glucose was significantly higher for both groups 30 minutes post-exercise than baseline, and serum insulin was greater than baseline 30 minutes and 1 hour after exercise. Serum insulin was significantly greater for CHO than MILK 1 hour after resistance exercise. No effect of training was observed for the response of serum amino acids, glucose, or insulin to resistance exercise with beverage ingestion. In conclusion, although the type of beverage ingested post-exercise affected serum insulin and amino acid concentrations, it did not influence the reduction in muscle protein breakdown observed after resistance exercise. A trend was present for a greater reduction in protein breakdown after training. / Master of Science

<p>Many elderly undergo cardiac surgery. The prevalence of malnutrition in elderly is high and increases with comorbidity. This thesis aims to clarify some aspects on performing surgery in elderly concerning nutritional status, nutritional treatment and age-related physiology.</p><p>Study I: 886 patients were assessed preoperatively by body mass index (BMI) and S-albumin and postoperatively for mortality and morbidity.. Low BMI increased the relative hazard for death and low S-albumin increased the risk for infection. BMI and S-albumin are useful in preoperative evaluations</p><p>Study II: we followed energy intake in 31 patients for five postoperative days. Scheduled and unscheduled surgery did not differ in preoperative resting energy expenditure (REE). REE increased by 10-12% postoperatively, more in unscheduled CABG. Nutritional supplementation increased total energy intake. All patients exhibited postoperative energy deficits, less prominent in the supplemented group. There were no differences in protein synthesis or muscle degradation. </p><p>Study III: in 16 patients, .we measured stress hormones and insulin resistance before surgery and for five postoperative days Patients were insulin resistant on the first two days. We saw no clearly adverse or beneficial effects of oral carbohydrate on insulin resistance or stress hormone response. </p><p>Study IV: 73 patients, with early enteral nutrition (EN), were observed until discharge or resumed oral nutrition. EN started within three days in most patients. In a minority, problems occurred (gastric residual volumes, tube dislocation, vomiting, diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia). In the cardiothoracic ICU individually adjusted early EN is feasible. </p><p>Study V: in 16 patients, splanchnic blood flow (SBF) enhancing treatments (dopexamine (Dpx) or EN) were compared. Dpx increased systemic blood flow, but had only a transient effect on SBF. EN had no effect on systemic blood flow or SBF. Neither Dpx, EN or the combined treatment, exhibited any difference between groups on systemic or splanchnic VO₂ or oxygen extraction ratio. </p>

Many elderly undergo cardiac surgery. The prevalence of malnutrition in elderly is high and increases with comorbidity. This thesis aims to clarify some aspects on performing surgery in elderly concerning nutritional status, nutritional treatment and age-related physiology. Study I: 886 patients were assessed preoperatively by body mass index (BMI) and S-albumin and postoperatively for mortality and morbidity.. Low BMI increased the relative hazard for death and low S-albumin increased the risk for infection. BMI and S-albumin are useful in preoperative evaluations Study II: we followed energy intake in 31 patients for five postoperative days. Scheduled and unscheduled surgery did not differ in preoperative resting energy expenditure (REE). REE increased by 10-12% postoperatively, more in unscheduled CABG. Nutritional supplementation increased total energy intake. All patients exhibited postoperative energy deficits, less prominent in the supplemented group. There were no differences in protein synthesis or muscle degradation. Study III: in 16 patients, .we measured stress hormones and insulin resistance before surgery and for five postoperative days Patients were insulin resistant on the first two days. We saw no clearly adverse or beneficial effects of oral carbohydrate on insulin resistance or stress hormone response. Study IV: 73 patients, with early enteral nutrition (EN), were observed until discharge or resumed oral nutrition. EN started within three days in most patients. In a minority, problems occurred (gastric residual volumes, tube dislocation, vomiting, diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia). In the cardiothoracic ICU individually adjusted early EN is feasible. Study V: in 16 patients, splanchnic blood flow (SBF) enhancing treatments (dopexamine (Dpx) or EN) were compared. Dpx increased systemic blood flow, but had only a transient effect on SBF. EN had no effect on systemic blood flow or SBF. Neither Dpx, EN or the combined treatment, exhibited any difference between groups on systemic or splanchnic VO2 or oxygen extraction ratio.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 371875 bytes, checksum: ebd0743d805bcdc1ccc6a45d01681ac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper aimed to propose new models to forecast the chemical composition of the non- carcass component; evaluate the equations proposed by BR-Corte (2010) to predict chemical composition of carcass and empty body from bovines using variables of the body and the section between 9th and 11th ribs from data of crossbred animals 3&#8260;4 Zebu x 1&#8260;4 Dutch; and use 3-methilhistidine (3MH) excretion to study the muscle protein synthesis and degradation in both crossbred males and females, at different stages of growth. In chapter 1, the objectives were to develop equations to estimate the non-carcass components chemical composition and to evaluate the prediction equations of chemical composition of carcass and empty body from bovines, proposed by BR-Corte (2010). Data from 130 animals in three experiments (24 castrated males CM; 24 females; and 82 non-castrated males NCM). Over the three experiments, the slaughter procedure was the same, where the gastrointestinal tract was washed to determine the empty body weight and all components of the animal body were weighed individually. The right half carcass was completely dissected and the weight of flash, fat and bones was measured. A sample from both carcass and non-carcass components were collected to determine the chemical composition. The section between the 9th and 11th ribs (HH section) was removed from all castrated males, all females and from 50 non-castrated males and completely dissected to evaluate the chemical composition prediction equations of carcass and empty body from BR-Corte (2010). Equations to estimate composition of the ethereal extract (EE), crude protein (CP), mineral material, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium of non-carcass components were proposed. Also, the BR-Corte (2010) equations to crude protein and ethereal extract contents of carcass and empty body were tested and the ones that did not estimate accordingly the known values were readjusted. The equations from BR-Corte (2010) estimated rightly the EE content in carcass from CM, NCM and females; and the EE content in empty body from CM and females. Thus, the forecast equations of CP in carcass from CM, NCM and female; EE in empty body from NCM; and CP in empty body from CM, NCM and females were readjusted. In Chapter 2, the objective was to evaluate the protein synthesis and degradation from castrated males and females, using 3MH. 20 castrated males and 20 females were used. They were with an average age of 12 months and average initial weight of 299 kg for males and 266,7 kg for females. The animals were separated in four groups with eight animals each group (four females and four males) to be slaughtered at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of confining. The animals were separated in a completely randomized design, in 4 x2 factorial scheme, being two gender condition (castrated males and females) and four confining periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 days). Eight animals (four of each gender) were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to determine the initial muscle protein and mass; and four animals of each gender were slaughtered at the end of each period of confining to determine muscle protein and mass. The diet consisted of 45% forage and contained 116.35 g of crude protein / kgDM. To assess protein degradation was performed total collection of urine for three days in all animals slaughtered at the end of each period of confinement for analysis of excretion of 3-methyl-histidine. The urine collection was performed five days before each slaughter. The concentration of 3-methylhistidine in mmol / mmol of creatinine in urine did not differ between males and females (P <0.44) and between periods of confining (P> 0.45). The fractional degradation rate was lower in males than in females (P <0.01) and higher for animals slaughtered at 60, 90 and 120 compared to the slaughter with 30 days of confinement (P <0.01), with no interaction between sex and period of confining (P> 0.38). For the fractional synthesis rate there was no interaction between sex and period of confining (P> 0.31) and sex effect (P> 0.10), but the effect of confinement period (P <0,0,1) was observed, which was lower for animals slaughtered at 30 days compared to the others. The fractional rate of increase showed no interaction between sex and period of confining (P> 0.34), being higher in males (P <0.03) and between different periods of confining (P <0.01), being higher for animals slaughtered at 120 days, followed by 90, 30 and 60 days of confining. It is concluded that the degradation rate is higher in females and the rate of increase is higher in castrated males with no difference between genders for the rate of protein synthesis, which was increased with days on feed. / Objetivou-se com esse trabalho propor novos modelos para predizer a composição química do componente não-carcaça, avaliar com dados de animais cruzados 3&#8260;4 Zebu × 1&#8260;4 Holandês as equações propostas no BR-Corte (2010) para predizer a composição química da carcaça e do corpo vazio de bovinos utilizando variáveis do corpo e seção entre a 9a e 11a costelas e utilizar a excreção de 3-metil-histidina (3MH) para estudar a síntese e degradação proteica muscular em machos e fêmeas cruzados, em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento. No capítulo 1, objetivou-se desenvolver equações para estimar a composição química dos componentes não carcaça e avaliar com dados de animais cruzados 3&#8260;4 Zebu × 1&#8260;4 Holandês, as equações para predição da composição química da carcaça e do corpo vazio propostas pelo BR-Corte (2010) para bovinos. Foram utilizados dados de 130 animais de três experimentos (24 machos castrados (MC), 24 fêmeas e 82 machos não-castrados (MNC)). Nos três experimentos, o procedimento de abate foi o mesmo, onde o trato gastrintestinal foi lavado para determinação do peso de corpo vazio, e todos os componentes do corpo do animal pesados individualmente. A meia carcaça direita foi dissecada completamente, sendo pesadas as quantidades de carne, gordura e ossos. Foram separadas de cada animal uma amostra do componente carcaça e uma amostra do componente não-carcaça para determinação da composição química. Nos machos castrados, fêmeas e 50 dos machos não castrados, foi retirada a seção compreendida entre a 9a e a 11a costelas (seção HH) e realizada sua dissecação completa para avaliação das equações para predição da composição química da carcaça e corpo vazio propostos pelo BR-Corte (2010). Foram propostas equações para estimação da composição de extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, materia mineral, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio e potássio dos componentes não carcaça; testadas as equações propostas no BR- Corte (2010) para os teores de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo na carcaça e no corpo vazio de bovinos e reajustadas as equações que não estimaram adequadamente os valores observados. As equações propostas pelo BR-Corte (2010) estimaram de forma adequada os teores de EE na carcaça de MC, MNC e fêmeas, e EE no corpo vazio de MC e fêmeas. Assim, foram reajustadas e sugeridas equações para predição da composição da PB da carcaça de MC, MNC e fêmeas, do EE do corpo vazio de MNC e da PB do corpo vazio de MC, MNC e fêmeas. No capítulo 2 objetivou-se avaliar a degradação e a síntese proteica de bovinos machos castrados e fêmeas, utilizando a excreção de 3-metil- histidina. Foram utilizados 40 bovinos cruzados 3&#8260;4 Zebu × 1&#8260;4 Holandês, sendo 20 machos castrados e 20 fêmeas, com idade média de 12 meses e peso inicial médio de 299 kg para os machos e 266,7 kg para as fêmeas. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos de oito animais cada um (sendo quatro machos e quatro fêmeas) para serem abatidos aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de confinamento. Oito animais (quatro de cada sexo) foram abatidos ao início do experimento para determinação também da massa e proteína muscular inicial e quatro animais de cada sexo ao final de cada período de confinamento para determinação da massa e proteína muscular. A dieta foi constituída de 45% de volumoso e continha 116,35 g de proteína bruta / kgMS. Para avaliar a degradação proteica foi efetuada coleta total de urina durante três dias em todos os animais abatidos no final de cada período de confinamento para análise da excreção de 3-metil-histidina. A coleta de urina foi realizada cinco dias antes de cada abate. A concentração de 3-metil-histidina em &#956;mol/mmol de creatinina na urina não diferiu entre machos e fêmeas (P>0,44) e entre períodos de confinamento (P>0,45). A taxa fracional de degradação foi menor nos machos que nas fêmeas (P<0,01) e maior para os animais abatidos aos 60, 90 e 120 em comparação aos abatidos com 30 dias de confinamento (P<0,01), não havendo interação entre sexo e período de confinamento (P>0,38). Para a taxa fracional de síntese não houve interação entre sexo e período de confinamento (P>0,31) e efeito de sexo (P>0,10), mas foi observado efeito de período de confinamento (P<0,0,1) que foi menor para os animais abatidos aos 30 dias em comparação aos demais. A taxa fracional de acréscimo não apresentou interação entre sexo e período de confinamento (P>0,34), sendo maior nos machos (P<0,03) e diferente entre os períodos de confinamento (P<0,01), sendo maior para os animais abatidos aos 120 dias, seguidos dos 90 dias e posteriormente dos 30 e 60 dias de confinamento. Conclui-se que a taxa de degradação é maior nas fêmeas e a taxa de acréscimo é maior nos machos castrados não havendo diferença entre os sexos para a taxa de síntese proteica, que foi aumentada com os dias de confinamento.