Compared to their White peers, ethnic minorities in England are often at higher risk of becoming unemployed, unable to find employment, and more likely to experience downward, rather than upward social mobility. Qualifications, gender, age, marital status and migrant generation all play a role; but do not explain these ethnic inequalities, or ethnic penalties. Despite ethnic minorities being more likely to live in deprived neighbourhoods than Whites, research on ethnic inequalities in social mobility has rarely taken account of the role of context. Neighbourhood deprivation may reduce life-chances for various reasons, and the concentration of ethnic minorities into deprived neighbourhoods may have additional influences for social mobility: some positive, but also some negative. In this thesis, I ask: does neighbourhood deprivation and ethnic composition explain the ethnic inequalities in social mobility? Using a longitudinal analysis of the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study, I tracked the intragenerational social mobility of people living in urban areas of England between 1991 and 2001. Binary and multinomial logit regression models were fit with ethnicity as an independent variable to explore statistical differences between groups, and also for the White, Indian and Black Caribbean groups separately. My research shows that after controlling for education, couple status, and a number of other important characteristics, geography does play a role in life-chances; but does not fully explain the ethnic inequalities in social mobility. People in more deprived neighbourhoods tended to fare worse in all economic outcomes: more at risk of unemployment; less likely to find employment; more at risk of downward social class mobility; less likely to experience upward social class mobility. However, these results were statistically significant only among White people, with less consistent associations for ethnic minorities. Ethnic diversity had a positive influence upon outcomes (e.g. upward social class mobility), but only among White people. Positive outcomes were also more common among people living in the south of England. Place of birth was less important for social mobility. For policymakers attempting to reduce the geographical inequalities of deprivation and affluence, dissolving residential concentrations of minorities alone is unlikely to reduce the gap in life chances between Whites and ethnic minorities. No evidence was found to support the pejorative stereotyping of so-called ‘ethnically segregated' neighbourhoods, which are some of the most diverse in England and, on balance, appear to improve the life chances of White people.

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This thesis reports an investigation into language shift in bilinguals from an acculturation perspective. The sample consisted of 149 sequential Polish-English bilinguals, who migrated to the United Kingdom) (UK) in young adulthood, and underwent processes of acculturation. The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of migration and acculturation on the degree of language shift across experiential domains, language dominance, and inner speech, cognitive and communicative functions. The extent of language shift was analysed against acculturation variables, including self-reported acculturation level, social network profile, language of attachment, and predicted future domicile. Varying degrees of language shift in domains belonging to inner speech, cognitive and communicative functions were compared and analysed against self-reported acculturation level. Language shift comparisons were made both between domains and between functions, illustrating the intensity and chronology of language shift in acculturated bilinguals. The investigation employed both emic and etic approaches, and consisted of an online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The online questionnaire was designed to measure language use in experiential domains and functions of language use, for before and after migration, as well as elicit certain acculturation-oriented and sociobiographical information. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended and open› ended questions and it used a 5-point Likert scale, as well as a table of language use. The results showed that language shift in bilinguals is linked to social and psychological acculturation variables and that it progresses gradually until the second language (L2) starts to replace the first language (L 1) across domains. Acculturation has been linked to the intensity of language shift, and the extent of L2 intemalisation in bilinguals. The findings also showed that acculturation variables are linked to feeling natural in L2 and perception of the L2 as emotional.

The value of globalisation is currently the subject of dispute. Some scholars and societies consider it in negative as well as in positive terms. Developing societies such as that in Libya were struggling to accommodate modernity before they experienced the full force of globalization, which, when it arrived, came rapidly. It is only logical to ask what happens to such developing societies when they feel the influence of globalisation. Many scholars have held up culture as one of the most important factors in the fornlation of national identity and nationalism. The thesis examines the impact of globalisation on culture, specifically the impact of globalization encountered in Libya via satellite television. Concerning culture, examination of the current situation in Libya requires consideration of the role of culture in Libyan national identity and the impact of regional Arab and Islamic cultures, including the effect of globalization on these cultural influences. The relationship between the Arab nation, the Islamic Ummah, and Libya must also be considered, given that the Arab region is more open than Libya to the effects of globalization, economically, politically and technologically. The researcher examines satellite television, one of the most important tools of globalisation, and its impact on Libyan identity. Libya was under economic and political sanctions between 1991-2003, hence satellite media represented the only way through which Libyans encountered globalisation prior to the lifting of sanctions. Satellite media started to become important from 1991, with CNN's live broadcasts of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait; people in the Arab world wishing to hear the news switched to satellite dishes and watched events unfolding on satellite television. Regional powers were keen to control this new technology and in a few years the number of regional annels exceeded a hundred. Hence this research extended to the role and influence of such regional powers over the only manifestation of globalisation that exists in Libya. To obtain data for the study, a questionnaire-based research was conducted at Garyounis University in eastern Libya, using a sample of three hundred third-year students from thee departments of finance, political science, and media and telecomumnication. The findings from this research were generally supportive of the hypothesis that younger generation Libyan are affected by media contents produced by satellite channels. The important finding from both this research and from general study of-work published on this topic was the substantial degree of influence exerted by regional Arab forces over the global tool of satellite television and how the medium is made use of effectively to shift the audience's allegiances and loyalties.

Can pressure of the rich and industrialized countries on poor countries improve their production conditions through consumer's awareness? Some authors hold hope that globalization will improve the condition of environment, and the lives of those in the developing world. Numerous studies of social development have chronicled and predicted the problems associated with globalization throughout the third world. Both social and environmental standards created by governments and Non Governmental Organizations in developed countries have the intention to assess and approve the level of responsibility of companies producing in the third world.

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The study examined the extent to which cognitive style is fixed or malleable. It involved a comparison of cognitive styles between the Chinese and British nationals to determine the effect of culture on cognitive style. The study also sought to explore the effect of acculturation on the way individuals process information. The contribution of the present research is to increase knowledge of cognitive style and the acculturation process. It provides information for industry and education about how training and development strategies could be designed to improve the success of international assignments. The research employed a multi-method methodology as a framework for the research. A longitudinal, quasi-experimental sample survey was conducted with 125 Chinese and 36 British subjects engaged in a postgraduate course in a British University. In this phase of the study, subjects completed the Allinson-Hayes Cognitive Style Index (CSI) twice over a six-month period. Based on these results, the research moved to Phase II to explore the relationship between cognitive style and a range of acculturation variables by adopting a cross-sectional sample survey and in-depth interviews. In the sample survey, interaction efficiency and acculturative stress were measured respectively by Ward's Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS) and Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SRDS), and motivational orientation was measured by a range of self-developed questions. The final part of this second phase adopted inductive methodology and contained 19 follow-up semistructured interviews with specially selected participants to explore how crosscultural experience could affect cognitive style. Several key findings emerged from the research. First, differences were noted between home and Chinese subjects, and a further administration of the CSI after a period of six months showed a significant shift towards an analytical cognitive style for Chinese students but not for home students. This provided some support for the hypothesis that cognitive style is malleable. The pattern of change was not, however, consistent within the Chinese sample, and the overall change was not as anticipated. Second, past Western experience, pre-departure training and socialising with home nationals from motivational orientation were associated with the change in cognitive style. Third, while data from the sample survey do not support a correlation between interaction effectiveness and level of acculturative stress with a change in cognitive style, cross-cultural differences between the British and Chinese nationals were detected. This suggests that both nationals had different experiences which might influence their information processing style. Finally, results from interviews do point to possible directions for future research, e. g. perception of the host culture.

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Chaque année, depuis le début des années 2000, environ 3 500 Français s’établissent au Québec, sous couvert d’un visa de résident permanent. Les Français sont des immigrants de choix pour cette province, car en effet, leurs revenus d’emplois sont supérieurs à la moyenne nationale et ils bénéficient également, depuis 2008, d’une meilleure reconnaissance de leurs diplômes acquis dans l’Hexagone. Les Français et les Québécois ont des racines communes, des affinités culturelles, partagent aussi une même langue. Les candidats à l’immigration français, semblent, a priori, rassembler toutes les conditions pour s’installer et s’intégrer de manière pérenne au sein de la Belle Province. Toutefois, le phénomène étudié, à savoir le retour en France des immigrants français, n’est pas si nouveau En effet, en 2013, selon le Ministère de l’Immigration et des Communautés culturelles, la France occupe le premier rang de pays de naissance des nouveaux immigrants (immigration économique) au niveau des admissions. Néanmoins, les Français sont également les immigrants les plus nombreux à repartir en France ou à poursuivre leur périple migratoire. La communication et les relations interculturelles, en phase prémigratoire, peuvent conditionner les futurs immigrants à s’installer de manière provisoire ou permanente. La construction progressive de l’image de la terre promise et l’imaginaire migratoire, déterminent aussi la réussite, ou l’échec, de l’immigration / Every year since the early 2000s, about 3,500 French citizens settled in Quebec under a permanent resident visa. The French citizens are immigrants of choice for Quebec, since their income revenues are in fact higher than the national average income, and they also benefit, since 2008, from a greater recognition of their diplomas obtained in France. In fact, French candidates seem to gather all the conditions to settle and integrate in a sustainable manner in the “Belle Province”. However, the studied phenomenon - namely the return in France of the French immigrants - is not so new. Indeed, in 2013 according to the Ministry of Immigration and Cultural Communities, France is the leading country of birth for recent immigrants (economical sector) in admissions. Nevertheless, French immigrants are also the most likely to return to France or to continue on their migration route. The communication and intercultural relations during the pre-migratory phase can influence the future immigrants to either settle temporarily or permanently. But how can this intercultural communication influence future immigrants about their desire to migrate, prepare their migration plans, and their integration? What may be the influence of this intercultural communication within the integration process and the development of a sense of belonging towards the host society? The progressive construction of the Promised Land and the migration imaginary also determine either the success or failure of immigration