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Understanding war as punishment in the international sphere after 9/11Degenhardt, Teresa January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Above the battlefield : art for art's sake and pacifism in the First World WarBrockington, Grace January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
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The impact of the Iraq anti-war movement (2002-2004) in Spain and U.S.AEstelles, Isis Maria Sanchez January 2012 (has links)
This thesis aims to contribute to the study of social movement. Specifically, this work will analyse the impact of the antiwar movements in Spain and the US (2002-2004), and will focus on policy impact. In order to explain this, the thesis employs theories of political opportunity structures, cycles of protest and framing analysis and examines their relationship to the political culture 'of each country. In the case of political opportunity structures, this exploration distinguishes between variable and stable elements, determining which are most important; in the case of the frame analysis, the work looks at its resonance with its political culture. By making this comparison between these two movements through a study of these variables, this thesis attempts to discover which pattern of variables is more important in order to explain policy impact in social movement theory.
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Fair and unfair warsRyan, Klem January 2012 (has links)
The thesis examines a normative account of war which seeks to regulate warfare through the mechanism of conventions based-on equality and reciprocity between combatants - what is termed the 'regular war paradigm'. It is a view that contrasts sharply with classical just war theory, which rejects the idea of combatant equality. The history of normative thinking about war has often seen the two views become intertwined resulting in deep tensions in a number of the central arguments within contemporary normative theories of war. There are two main. themes to the thesis: first, the continued relevance of the ideas and critiques of the regular war paradigm of limited war; and second, the normative significance of the changing character of contemporary warfare, which represents both a challenge to, but also reiterates the importance of, the regular war approach. The essence of the argument of the thesis is that developing mechanisms for regulating the conduct of war is an important task of normative theories of war and that we therefore have to understand how and when institutions and practices which regulate war operate effectively. The regular war paradigm provides tools to do this in ways that classical just war theory, and its modern heirs, does not. iii To further this argument, the thesis explores the work of several regular war theorists, some of whom are seldom discussed in contemporary normative theory. It is my view that this has led to a failure to adequately recognise the antecedent theories that underlie much of the contemporary discourse, which in turn has contributed to the lack of engagement with the important normative content of the regular war paradigm. Throughout the .. thesis I discuss the work of Michael Walzer, both as a point of reference to situate my arguments, and to highlight the neglect among prominent contemporary war theorists of regular war ideas. The aim is to illustrate the continuing significance of regular war arguments, to explore weaknesses in the contemporary discourse on just war, and to recast the discussion of the normative problems we face in 21 st century wars. I am not attempting to simply restore the regular war paradigm for the 21st century, but to illustrate the continuing relevance of regular war ideas and institutions and to provide additional ways of arguing against those who think the equality of combatants in war is morally misguided. Structure of the thesis In traduction: The Introduction sets out the theoretical debates that provide the contemporary setting for the thesis. Primarily, I highlight the fundamental division within normative theory between the just war and the regular war paradigms. I explain these paradigms' divergent perspectives on the relationship between politics and war, and outline the regular war tradition's emphasis on developing effective rules for restraint in war. The Introduction also sets out the background assumptions which guide my approach to the thesis; specifically I outline a value-pluralist account of political conduct, and discuss the implications of this view for perspectives on conflict and political institutions. Chapter 1: The purpose of this chapter is to explain the central goal of the regular war paradigm of limiting war. It does so by setting out and explaining the concept of conventional war. This discussion, which draws on the work of Emerich de Vattel, illustrates how the idea of political legitimacy, the equality of belligerents, and rules based on reciprocity underpin the formation of conventions in war. The chapter also demonstrates how the concrete content of contemporary conventions developed out of the military practices of 19th and 20th century European armies. A key point of this chapter is that the important role that conventions play in restraining war is based on the assumptions of the regular war perspective. This understanding helps us see more clearly how conventions operate, but also how they are vulnerable to changes in military practice. v Chapter 2: Chapter 2 aims to further explain how the regular war perspective operates, by examining Clausewitz's account of the link between the political aims of war and how war is fought. Clausewitz's theories are often depicted by contemporary normative theorists as being empty of normative content. I, however, argue that contrary to common interpretations, (~au.sewitz offers significant insights into the operation of limited war through his emphasis on the importance of political control in war. Further, I also argue that the current trend towards irregular war reaffirms the importance of Clausewitz's focus on war's political character. This conclusion also points to the relevance of the regular paradigm for understanding and limiting contemporary wars. Chapter 3: The objective of Chapter 3 is to explore one of the regular war perspective's most powerful critiques of just war theory, by showing how classical just war theory is not able to provide an adequate answer to the question of how to achieve restraint in war. The chapter discusses Carl Schmitt's account of regular war to argue that the just war approach promotes a disposition in combatants and belligerent political communities which is actively detrimental to restraint. Schmitt's account stresses that, under conditions of political conflict, institutions based in equality and reciprocity of belligerents are crucial to the 'bracketing' of war. Contrary to the just war view, moral symmetry between combatants is a crucial feature of such institutions. Chapter 4: Drawing on the ideas set out in previous chapters, Chapter 4 argues that fairness is a crucial component of normativity in war, from both a consequentialist and a deontic perspective. The argument rejects the position Walzer sets out in Just and Unjust Wars that fairness - understood as rough equality of capabilities between belligerents - is not normatively important in war. Contrary to Walzer, I show how fairness is an essential component for creating institutions to regulate warfare, and as such is a necessary - though not sufficient - condition for restraint in war. The chapter highlights the role of fairness in fostering a sense of reciprocity between combatants, and in creating a relationship between combatants where restraint becomes a possibility. I argue, therefore, that the critical importance of fairness is a central insight flowing from the regular war paradigm, one which should be seen as significant for how we judge the conduct of contemporary conflicts. Chapter 5: Chapter 5 seeks to apply the insights of the regular war paradigm to war in the 21st century, by examining the depth and scope of the changes in military practice since the mid-20th century and their implications for restraint in war. Following this discussion I argue that the moral challenge posed by new weapon systems such as drones is that they break down the relationship between belligerents which is fundamental to establishing restraint in war. As such, drones contribute to the prevalence of irregular wars, and essentially vii eliminate the boundary between the battlefield and civil society. This critique opens up a new way of conceptualisin.g the wrong that is specific to the inherent features of robotic weapons systems, and provides a focus point for those who would argue against their use. -
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The impact of globalization on war : the CNN effect and western policy before the Kosovo interventionBahador, Babak January 2005 (has links)
This dissertation attempts to provide insights regarding the impact of globalization on war. The methodology that is used to assess the primary question (What is the impact of globalization on war.) involves the utilisation of one manifestation of globalization - the CNN effect - that is operationalised to assess one area of potential impact - Western foreign policy during the Kosovo civil war. The dissertation is arranged into two sections. The first is largely theoretical and defines globalization, explains how the CNN effect is a manifestation of globalization and reviews the CNN effect on war at a theoretical level. The second is largely empirical and involves a detailed case study of Kosovo specific media coverage and foreign policy in the West over the fifteen-month period before the 1999 NATO intervention. The employment of this particular case study opens other areas of potential insight that are also explored in this dissertation. The first relates to foreign policy making and how the CNN effect has impacted its traditional role and operation. The second relates to the specific case study itself and the role of the Western media in NATO's decision to intervene in Kosovo and the specific events that led to this decision. If it were demonstrated that the CNN effect did indeed play a role in this intervention, this would be a useful interpretive addition to the current analysis of this particular conflict. In addressing these questions, it is also hoped that a more detailed understanding of the nature of globalization itself emerges. As theory should develop from practice, and not the other way around, it is only through attempts to apply abstract and novel concepts such as globalization to practice that current attempts at theorising can improve.
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Negotiating the 'front' line : mediated war and impression managementMaltby, Sarah January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Identities in conflict : an ethnography of war and the politics of identity in Ethiopia, 1998-2000Tronvoll, Kjetil January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
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Multidimensional approach to local water conflictsGebremariam, Azage January 2011 (has links)
Water is one of the most precious but least valued common property resource. Efficient ways of water resources management are vital to socio-economic development and the overall feat of societal stability. However, water conflicts have further exacerbated the access to water especially in low-income developing countries. Most notably, little attention has been given to studying water conflicts at the local level when compared to international water conflicts. As a result, there is insufficient information and theory on the exponentially increasing number of local water conflicts. In the Middle East, water was a tool for military purposes; in Asia disputes over water occur due to development-related activities, whilst in Africa, control over water resources has been the root cause of many conflicts affecting millions of vulnerable communities. This research investigates the nature, causes and dimensions of local water conflicts in the context of low-income developing countries based on the Afar region, which is located in the Awash Trans-regional River Basin of Ethiopia. The research suggests a new multidimensional approach for pre-identification, early warning services and local water conflict neutralization. This approach also introduces preparedness techniques, which play a significant role in reducing potential risks and tensions that trigger local water conflicts between communities sharing the same water resources. The study further proposes a policy guideline matrix that would serve as a technique for reducing local water conflicts by providing new ways of thinking about the links between sustainable developments, local water conflict management and strategic partnerships. The research is implemented through the process of designing a framework based on essential theoretical and practical findings supported by survey data of 134 household representatives of local communities and 26 institutions, together with 22 interviews. The introduced multipurpose framework is based on five fundamental parameters, namely: contribution to Sustainable Development, Information, Preparedness, Tolerance Capacity and Interaction (DIPTI). The research proposes the Sparkling Effects of Conflict , a new approach in understanding and predicting the coverage of the effects of conflicts other than the primary conflicting parties and conflict location. In addition, two pillars of the conceptual frameworks emerged from the findings. First, the WEC (Water, Early Warning and Conflict) information pyramid, a framework designed to indicate the core components of local WEC-related information identification and management. Second, the Pillars of Conflict Pyramid, the simplest conceptual framework, easily helps to pre-identify the effects of local water conflicts with certain limitations. Besides, the study addressed six additional conflict neutralization and resolution inputs that incorporate the significance of the participation of women and other vulnerable members of communities. These findings also highlight the advantage of co-existence between useful traditional and modern practices in neutralizing conflicts. Overall, the study will assist local people, policy and decision makers and institutions in low-income developing countries with a similar context to that of the study area.
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The evolution of a conception of citizenly duty towards military service 1854-1914 : a study of London press discoursePiper, Alana January 2012 (has links)
This dissertation investigates how personal military service, which during the immensely popular Crimean War of 1854-6 was regarded as the business only of an abstract and lowly soldier-class, had by the eve of the Great War taken on the aspect of a clear and universal citizenly duty in London press discourse. It utilises text-searchable digitised newspaper archives to exhaustively review the whole body of relevant press debate in thirteen key London periodicals, identifying key shifts and trends in press conceptions of civilian military obligation over the six decades between the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854 and the eve of the Great War in 1914. The analytical narrative that emerges highlights the importance of key events, including the Crimean War, Indian Mutiny, wars of Prussian expansionism, and Boer War, in promoting and shaping the coherent conception of citizenly duty towards military service that would go on to underpin not only the mass enlistments of 1914 but also the acceptance of conscription in 1916. It suggests also the important role of broader cultural and political trends – in particular, the advent of militarist Imperialism, the growing legitimacy of the state, the shift towards a more collectivist ‘social democratic’ liberalism, and the emergence of ‘contractual’ theories of citizenship – in facilitating a reconciliation between the military imperative towards mass civilian military participation and existing liberal values and ideologies. This dissertation reveals that the societal consensus on the duty to enlist in 1914 was by no means a foregone cultural conclusion, nor indeed the relic of an earlier heroic age, but rather the dynamic product of evolution and contestation over six decades. The present study not only provides vital context to our understanding of the ‘rush to the colours’ of 1914, but also represents the first historical investigation of an important and much-neglected aspect of the relationship between war and society.
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