Notes: ■ A population survey focusing on mothers and children under the age of five was undertaken in Rio de Janeiro's largest squatter settlement - the favela of Rocinha. The aims of the study were:1. To describe the socio-economic, demographic and health patterns of a well established, inner city squatter settlement of a Brazilian metropolis.2. To verify if and to what extent there are intra-community health differentials.3. To identify the risk factors for child health in a squatter settlement context. Special emphasis was given to: 2.1. The migration characteristics of the mother and whether these are direct or indirect risk factors to child health. 2.2. Whether socio-economic indicators were risk factors for child health in conjunction with or as an alternative to migration status. A two stage random sample was carried out. First, ten out of thirty areas comprising Rocinha were selected and screened for mothers and children. ■ Subsequently, a sub-sample of mothers and children were randomly selected for in-depth evaluation. The final sample size was 620 children. A partly structured and partly unstructured questionnaire was applied to the mothers, and the children were weighed and measured. In addition, unstructured information was also collected from local leaders and health workers from the area. The tested study model comprises a set of theoretically independent variables and a set of child health outcome indicators. ■ In the first set four areas were focused:1) Socio-economic characteristics such as incomes, household possessions, environmental conditions, and occupations;2) Migration characteristics of the mother such as length of time living in Rocinha, length of experience in Rio de Janeiro, and rural/urban birth;3) Other maternal characteristics such as age, education, marital status, parity, history of child loss in the past through death, and mental health status;4) Children characteristics such as age, gender, birthweights, breastfeeding history, birth intervals, and degree of weekly separation from mother. Regarding the child health indicators, six areas were evaluated:1) Acute and chronic illnesses;2) Nutritional status;3) Accidents;4) Skin disorders;5) Vaccination status and6) Pattern of utilisation of health facilities. Although different risk factors were identified in relation to the different outcome indicators a major pattern stood out. ■ None of the studied migration variables showed any association with child health, suggesting that migration status is a poor risk indicator. Conversely, with the exception of accidents, child ill-health or growth deficit were prominently associated with unsatisfactory environmental conditions and low incomes. Besides indicating their relevance as risk factors, these findings demonstrated the presence of an explicit intra-community stratification which is also expressed in terms of health differentials.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Flávio de Oliveira Gonçalves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Ecônomico. Defesa : 15/04/2016 / Inclui referências : f.90-92;127-131 / Resumo: A presente tese é composta por três ensaios, independentes entre si, mas que no conjunto trazem como tema central as oportunidades de desenvolvimento humano dos jovens no Brasil. O primeiro ensaio busca identificar em quê as propostas de equidade de Amartya Sen e John Roemer se distinguem. Enquanto existe consonância com relação à primazia das possibilidades de escolha dos indivíduos, o consenso não está presente na definição da extensão da igualdade nem na maneira de construí-la. O ensaio seguinte focaliza a população adolescente e o desafio de garantir-lhes um desenvolvimento seguro e saudável. Se a política pública focaliza apenas o desenvolvimento cognitivo desses jovens, deixa de captar elementos fundamentais que explicam, por exemplo, a violência, a evasão escolar, a delinquência. Nesse ensaio, a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2012, calculam-se indicadores de risco social e de saúde para os adolescentes, os quais podem ser tomados pela política pública como indicadores de monitoramento, úteis para o exercício de priorização da ação governamental de proteção e promoção juvenil. Por fim, o último estudo aborda as oportunidades de acesso ao ensino superior no Brasil. Reconhecendo que houve grande avanço nas últimas duas décadas em termos de acesso - tanto em termos quantitativos como em termos de inclusão de grupos em pior condição socioeconômica, o ensaio aponta incoerências de articulação entre as políticas em vigor, se tomada a proposta de John Roemer de igualdade de oportunidades. A partir de uma análise dos microdados do ENADE de 2008 a 2010, verifica-se que os incentivos governamentais não estão destinados somente a reduzir desigualdades de condições, mas também premiam o desempenho dos alunos. A depender da dotação orçamentária destinada à educação superior, uma política puramente roemeriana de igualdade de oportunidades poderia gerar grandes impactos sobre o atual modelo de distribuição dos recursos públicos para o ensino superior no Brasil. Nas considerações finais retoma-se o tema mais amplo, da o desenvolvimento juvenil / Abstract: There are three essays in this thesis, independent from each other, although they all have a common theme: Brazilian youth's opportunities to human development. The first essay aims at identifying how Amartya Sen's and John Roemer's proposal to equity differ. While they agree on the primacy of individuals having the possibility to choose, there is no consensus on the extension of equality nor on how to build it. The following essay focuses teenagers and the challenge of providing them a safe and healthy development. It argues that if policy is oriented only to cognitive development, it will not consider fundamental elements that explain, for example, violence, drop-outs, delinquency, etc. For this reason, this essay points out that policy aiming to promote safety and healthy could benefit from an indicator of risky behaviors, which was calculated from Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) of 2012.This index is useful to monitor adolescents' development and rank intervention priorities. The third study discusses the opportunities to enter higher education in Brazil, and in particular the current policies aiming to promote access by disadvantaged groups. Although there has been great progress in the last two decades in including people in the system, the policies are somewhat incoherent from Roemerian perspective of equality of opportunities. From ENADE 2008 to 2010 microdata, one can verify that governmental incentives are not only destined to reduce inequalities associated with circumstances, but they also favor better performing students. Depending on the budget designated to higher education, implementing a pure Roemerian strategy would cause great impacts onto the actual Brazilian higher educational system.