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Le littoral haïtien apparaît aujourd’hui comme un observatoire des rapports entre les habitants de cet espace et les politiques publiques adoptées par l’État depuis l’accession à l’indépendance en 1804. Toutes les enquêtes nationales ( ex ECVMAS I et 2, ) ont montré que les poches de pauvreté extrême se retrouvent concentrer dans les zones littorales et les iles adjacentes. Même à l’intérieur des villes, réputées pour être mieux loties que le reste du pays, les façades littorales sont le haut lieu de la pauvreté urbaine. Le “vide juridique” qui s’installe, de fait, dans les mœurs, transforme les zones littorales en espace particulièrement attractif mais incontrôlable et ingérable. Cette attractivité pernicieuse permet de capter une population qualifiée de marginale.La marginalité créée liée au sous-équipement et à la mauvaise gouvernance va faciliter l’éclosion et l’inscription spatiale des formes d’activités illégales et de criminalité. Pourtant, ces espaces littoraux sont aussi animés par une pluriactivité permettant aux plus démunis de survivre ou d’obtenir un revenu complémentaire ( cabotage, pêche etc). L’ambition de la présente étude s’articule autour d’un ensemble d’interrogations qui se décline comme suit: comment une construction nationale et territoriale peut être génératrice de pauvreté, quelles sont les manifestations de cette pauvreté spatiale, en quoi l’occupation littorale se réalise sans maritimisation?, de quelle manière s’opère la prise en charge de l’inégalité spatiale et surtout comment les politiques publiques appauvrissent ces territoires et les populations qui les occupent? / The Haitian coastline today appears as an observatory of the relations between the inhabitants of this area and the public policies adopted by the State since the accession to independence in 1804. All the national surveys (ENMP and ECVMAS I and 2) have shown that the concentration of extreme poverty is in coastal areas and adjacent islands. Even within the cities, known for being better off than the rest of the country, the coastal facades are the center of urban poverty. The "legal void" that is set in fact, transforms coastal areas into a particularly attractive but uncontrollable and unmanageable space. This pernicious attractiveness makes it possible to capture a population qualified as marginal. The created marginality, related to under-equipment and poor governance, will facilitate the emergence and spatial inscription of illegal and illicit forms of activity. However, these littoral spaces are also animated by a pluriactivity allowing the poorest to survive or to obtain a complementary income (cabotage, fishing etc.). The ambition of the present study is articulated around a set of questions that is as follows: how a national and territorial construction can be a generator of poverty, what are the manifestations of this spatial poverty, how does the coastal occupation is carried out without maritimization?, in what way takes care of spatial inequality and especially how public policies impoverish these territories and the populations that occupy them?

In seeking to explain social exclusion. politicians. academics. and commentators alike have highlighted the role of social relationships in securing life chances. In recent years, these discussions have been characterised by three debates; those around the underclass, social cohesion and social capital. Each offers a commentary on the causes of social exclusion and community breakdown which is rooted in a focus on the social interactions within deprived neighbourhoods. As a result these debates raise many questions about the relationship between people, place and the public realm. This thesis contributes to our understanding of these issues by looking at these issues using a social psychological approach. Using a methodological framework grounded in the paradigm of social representations it analyses the cognitive actions of individuals and groups within a locality. This reveals how they generate and maintain a "cultural stock of knowledge". the social relationships which underpin this "lifeworld" and its influence on the life chances of the residents. In particular this research looks at the impact of this lifeworld on public services and regeneration projects in the research area. seeking to understand what effect the lifeworld has on their success or failure. This thesis builds on previous studies grounded in sociological and anthropological research methods in two ways. In the first instance it confirms the importance of socially constructed knowledge to social structures and the role they play in life chances. Yet using a social psychological approach also otTers an innovative way of exploring how socially constructed knowledge is created.maintained and changed by individuals and groups in their mental processes. In doing so, this thesis shows how important such knowledge is in determining social networks, social acts and social change. It therefore reveals how a social psychological approach to social exclusion can complement other forms of research into this phenomenon.