Foraging is a popular modern pastime, as evidenced by the growing number of books, television programmes and websites dedicated to wild foods. Yet foraging - that quintessential activity of early man - is no longer relevant to our survival, nor is it even of peripheral importance to our social and economic system. It may still hold meaning for our psychosocial wellbeing, but only in ways that illustrate our disassociation from the past, rather than our connection to it. This thesis begins by examining the biological imperatives that once drove foraging behaviours but that now have a negligible effect on most of humanity. It then moves to examine the legal and historical contexts in which the harvests take place and the life experiences of the people who have gathered wild foods. Today, we still cling to the long-established ideal that wild foods are ‘inherently public property,’ or free for all to gather for personal use. The environment in which the process takes place, however, is profoundly changed: the institutional setting is hostile and there has been a wholesale loss of general knowledge as to the location and use of foods that were once core to our diet. Those foraging today - often middle aged, well educated women – continue to gather for a complex array of personal reasons, and do so irrespective of prevailing laws and in spite of conservation issues. This research finds that the wild harvest today is a socially and culturally negotiated symbol tied to perceptions of the self, identity and sense of place. The transformation of the symbolic meaning of foraging is highlighted via an analysis of the social history of the bilberry harvest and through the narratives of bilberry gatherers and heath land wardens, both of which reveal the unravelling of the social nexus in which the harvest once occurred. The thesis concludes with a call for a food culture that suits our landscape and ecology and that reconnects us with the food that sustains us.

Afin de réduire les pollutions agricoles, les agriculteurs sont invités à faire évoluer leurs pratiques. Mais ces évolutions génèrent des changements d'organisation et de temps de travail, qu'ils invoquent pour expliquer leur difficulté à changer. Notre objectif est d'étudier ces changements du travail, pour concevoir des outils facilitant les transitions agroécologiques des agriculteurs. Nous avons enquêtés des conseillers agricole et des agriculteurs pour analyser l'offre de conseil, et la nature des informations sur le travail, dont les agriculteurs ont besoin pour conduire un changement de pratiques. Constatant l'insuffisance des outils existants, nous avons organisé deux ateliers de conception d'outils avec leurs futurs utilisateurs. Nous avons identifié et décris 28 outils qui pourraient être conçu. Quatre prototypes ont été élaborés : une fiche technique informant des changements du travail, un quizz et un jeu permettant d'identifier des changements du travail pour une exploitation, et un carnet de suivi d'essai permettant de relever des informations clefs pour établir un bilan de la gestion des concurrences et des choix d'organisation. / In order to reduce agricultural pollution, farmers are invited to change their practices. But these new practices can generate changes in organization and working time, which farmers assert to explain their difficulty to change. Our goal is to study these changes in the work and to design tools facilitating agroecological transitions of farmers. We have surveyed agricultural advisers and farmers to analyze the consulting service offer, and the nature of the work information that farmers need in order to implement new practices. Noting the inadequacy of the existing tools, we organized two tool design workshops with their future users. We have identified and described 28 tools that could be designed. Four prototypes were developed: a technical sheet informing about work changes, a quiz and a serious game to identify work changes for a farm, and a test logbook to record key information to establish an assessment of work competition management and organizational choices.