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This thesis investigates the determinants of exchange market pressure and currency crises in Turkey over the period 1989:09 and 2001:04 using three empirical methodologies: the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to investigate the short-run and the long-run dynamics of exchange market pressure; the binary logit and ordered logit models in order to identify the determinants of currency crises; and third, it applies the signals approach to identify the leading indicators of currency crises. The findings of the thesis have indicated that speculative pressure in the foreign exchange market and currency crises in Turkey in the sample period cannot be attributed entirely to a single cause and that these two phenomena are a result of a diverse set of factors. The results also suggest that both speculative pressure in the exchange market and currency crises in Turkey are linked to the reversals in the capital flows. The findings have also indicated that another important factor which has given rise to speculative pressure in the exchange market and currency crises in Turkey is the weaknesses in the banking sector balance sheets, such as the overexposure to foreign exchange, liquidity and credit risks. The results of the thesis have also revealed that currency crises and speculative pressure in the foreign exchange market are linked to the overvaluation of the Turkish lira. Above all, the results have indicated that currency crises and speculative pressure in the foreign exchange market are not necessarily driven by common factors and that it is misleading to classify explanatory variables strictly as statistically significant and insignificant in the context of currency crises. Last but not least, the findings of this thesis have also suggests that statistically insignificant variables could still convey information regarding the imminence of currency crises if used in a non-parametric signals model.

This study examines the elasticities, absorption, monetary, capital market and the structural approaches to the balance of payments in the context of Indonesia's international transactions for 1960-1988. The main findings are : The necessary condition of the Marshall-Lerner is not satisfied in the SR , it is fulfilled in the LR but only just ! However, the sufficient condition shows that in the SR, the trade balance ameliorates but deteriorates in the LR, a reverse "J-curve" effect! The "pass-through" equation reveals that exchange rate, import price, money supply and lagged domestic price are significant in explaining domestic price responses. The significance of the pass through coefficient reveals that it is difficult to sustain price levels due to devaluation; inflationary effects counteract the price advantages following devaluations. The absorption model shows that the magnitude of the coefficient of MPA is relatively high indicating that the economy has been absorbing more than it produces. The reserve model reveals that the assumption of homogeneity in prices cannot be rejected; the restricted specifications are superior to the unrestricted ones. The major prediction of the monetary theory that the offset coefficient should be negative appears to be verified in most cases…

The Emir of Qatar firmly believes that security without development is not sustainable in the long run. Endorsed by Qatar’s top leadership, this conviction has spread contagiously to all corners of the public and private spheres, leading, in turn, numerous initiatives and massive investments directed at the development of the country. Sustainable development investments in Qatar are promising, but the process very slow amidst dynamic globalization. Technology capability is a key factor accelerating the growth of economic, social and environmental development. Hence, the aim of this dissertation is to assess the effectiveness of technology transfer in Qatar's search for sustainable development. The scope of the dissertation is confined to an analysis of certain government agencies involved in technology transfer; the government, the industry and R&D centres. The study developed a framework of measures to assess Qatari technology transfer and sustainable development, categorized into nine themes, including sustainable development, governance and internal environment, external technology resources, internal technology resource measures, absorptive capacity, value chain, value network, research and development and competitiveness. Through exploratory, descriptive and predictive research using qualitative and quantitative field surveys, along with secondary research, the study developed a framework of measures, and used it to assess the effectiveness of sustainability and technology transfer in Qatar. The study concluded that the technology transfer environment and practices in Qatar are ineffective in advancing the search for sustainable development. The study recommends the need to establish policies and priorities to facilitate sustainable development, focusing especially on technology, science and innovation. Future research should focus on in-depth case studies of specific industrial clusters as well as deepening the understanding of thematic measures of sustainability.

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The thesis explores the nature and determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Saudi Arabia over the period 1960-2005. Saudi Arabia is of interest as it lies between a traditional developed and developing country. The thesis utilises a unique project-based dataset on about 19,000 investments in the Kingdom, of which 5,000 involve foreign ownership. The data were supplied by the government of Saudi Arabia, the first time they have been released for study. Overall, the thesis makes three main contributions. First, it analyzes the nature of FDI in Saudi Arabia. The analysis shows that most FDI has occurred since the major liberalisation under the 2000 Foreign Investment Act, which is comparable in scale to total investment in domestic projects since 1960. By volume of FDI, the thesis highlights the importance of oil and related industries, although the vast majority of projects are non-oil related. These are principally in manufacturing, from nearby Arab states and located in the Middle region around Riyadh. Second, following a review of the relative literature on the determinants of FDI, the thesis analyzes the source characteristics of the investors by aggregating the data at the country level. It finds that a range of factors affect the number of foreign-owned projects, including size, distance, economic freedom and past investment levels, but much poorer explanations are found for the investment scale, possibly reflecting the dominance of the oil sector. Third, following a further literature review, it analyzes the effect of country political risk on the foreign equity share in joint ventures at the project level. Here, it finds that severe risk may actually increase the foreign equity share, which is attributed to the benefits that ownership brings in the form of control. Further, those projects in minority foreign ownership appear most sensitive to risk. These results contribute to a literature, which to date has focused almost solely on the FDI entry mode either as whole or joint venture.