This study was intended to further the understanding of organisational culture and climate on board a ship, it also explored the linkages that these two broad areas had with marine accidents. The study was designed to represent, as broadly as possible, the views of seafarers all around the world. An extensive literature search of databases in the maritime, education and other cognate fields, revealed only two other studies that dealt with some of the issues examined by this study. The study also examined literature dealing with investigations into maritime accidents, as many of the causal factors identified by these investigations assisted the study in its examination of the organisational culture and climate of a ship. This study addresses three key questions: What is the nature of the organisational culture aboard a ship? What is the nature of the organisational climate aboard a ship? and, Are there any aspects of organisational culture and climate that impact on the safety culture of a ship? This thesis therefore contains descriptions of the organisational culture and climate aboard ships, to facilitate a better understanding of the environment within which ships operate. In examining these two areas this study focussed mainly upon the safety culture and climate of a ship, as the span of each of the earlier described areas was large and covered many issues. This study used a research approach that combined elements of quantitative and qualitative methods. This mixed-mode was deemed the way to proceed as the researcher wished to utilise data gathering approaches that have been used in both broad research approaches, i.e., a questionnaire, metaphorical analysis, and document analysis. This mixedmode approach allowed the investigation of issues within a bounded system, but where the participants were widely dispersed and not readily accessible for extended face-to-face data gathering. The study utilised three instruments for data gathering, which generated three datasets. These datasets provided the basis on which the statistical analysis was conducted. The three instruments used in the survey were the 'Maritime Culture Questionnaire' (MCQ), 'Assumptions through Metaphor' (AtM) Questionnaire and the 'Maritime Climate Questionnaire' (MClQ). The total number of seafarers who participated in the instrument survey was over 700 persons and like most surveys of this kind there was a slight variation in the number of respondents for each instrument. Analysis of the datasets enabled the organisational culture aboard ship to be described comprehensively. This analysis demonstrated that Heads of Departments (HODs) and seafarers displayed either one of two distinct behavioural characteristics when they worked aboard ship. The first characteristic behaviour was the 'HOD Collegial Behaviour' type, here the HOD would be positive and demonstrably supportive toward subordinates. The other characteristic behaviour was the 'HOD Formalistic Behaviour' type, when displaying this type of behaviour the HOD showed indifference toward subordinates and their activities. When a HOD displayed this latter behaviour, respondents indicated that it had a negative impact on the safety climate of a ship. The addition of outcome variables to the MCQ instrument permitted linkages to be made between the organisational culture aboard ships and marine accidents. Similarly an analysis of the third dataset enabled the development of a description of the organisational climate of a ship. This examination of the organisational climate of a ship identified situations when seafarers were likely to display the described behavioural characteristics. The study also found that it is possible that these negative behaviours were displayed more often than the positive ones. The findings of this study make recommendations that will assist in improving the safety climate on board ships. This study makes recommendations that have relevance to personnel managers of shipping companies or ship-management companies, maritime regulatory authorities, maritime educators and Heads of Departments on board ships.

Professional military education is a well‐established system in most modern militaries. Like all things though, incremental and ad hoc improvements to legacy approaches typically lead to reduced quality. It is therefore, essential to periodically review the entire system for holistic effectiveness. For military education, this need is particularly important when the global security environment is experiencing such rapid change. Added to this is the emerging understanding of the ‘new sciences’ that provides a unique opportunity to improve cognitive agility when confronting complex adaptive systems. There is also an urgent need to acknowledge and enhance the intangible dimension of professional military education beyond mere content‐centric subject expertise. From the literature on hidden learning and constructivism, there are a number of opportunities available for modernizing the legacy paradigm of professional military education. This study investigated the role of holistic learning (formal, non‐formal, informal, selfdirected, and incidental learning) in the professional development of 29 mid‐career military officers. It involved detailed study of their participation on the seven‐month staff course at the New Zealand Defence College from May to December 2008. Mixed methodology data collection included observations, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, and document analysis. Analytic procedures ranged from statistical comparisons through to qualitative theme constructs. The study found a number of dimensions (sources and influences) contributing to holistic learning. It also identified a number of opportunities to improve the learning experience. The findings identify a number of important factors in developing strategic artists. Of these, the greatest need is for a strategic plan to extend the current content‐centric syllabus into a full curriculum with intangible traits clearly linked to formal and informal learning activities. Specific components required in this strategic plan include an academic philosophy and a cross‐referencing matrix. The study also recommends reviewing time allocated to cross‐discipline learning of the profession and cognitive agility focused on deep learning. There is also a need to re‐examine the directing staff requirements, management of learner stress, and shaping practical‐value motivation strategies through cultural artefacts. Collectively, the findings recommend shifting from the traditional vessel‐filling paradigm of formal courses to a sociological approach of growing strategic leaders.

Professional military education is a well‐established system in most modern militaries. Like all things though, incremental and ad hoc improvements to legacy approaches typically lead to reduced quality. It is therefore, essential to periodically review the entire system for holistic effectiveness. For military education, this need is particularly important when the global security environment is experiencing such rapid change. Added to this is the emerging understanding of the ‘new sciences’ that provides a unique opportunity to improve cognitive agility when confronting complex adaptive systems. There is also an urgent need to acknowledge and enhance the intangible dimension of professional military education beyond mere content‐centric subject expertise. From the literature on hidden learning and constructivism, there are a number of opportunities available for modernizing the legacy paradigm of professional military education. This study investigated the role of holistic learning (formal, non‐formal, informal, selfdirected, and incidental learning) in the professional development of 29 mid‐career military officers. It involved detailed study of their participation on the seven‐month staff course at the New Zealand Defence College from May to December 2008. Mixed methodology data collection included observations, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, and document analysis. Analytic procedures ranged from statistical comparisons through to qualitative theme constructs. The study found a number of dimensions (sources and influences) contributing to holistic learning. It also identified a number of opportunities to improve the learning experience. The findings identify a number of important factors in developing strategic artists. Of these, the greatest need is for a strategic plan to extend the current content‐centric syllabus into a full curriculum with intangible traits clearly linked to formal and informal learning activities. Specific components required in this strategic plan include an academic philosophy and a cross‐referencing matrix. The study also recommends reviewing time allocated to cross‐discipline learning of the profession and cognitive agility focused on deep learning. There is also a need to re‐examine the directing staff requirements, management of learner stress, and shaping practical‐value motivation strategies through cultural artefacts. Collectively, the findings recommend shifting from the traditional vessel‐filling paradigm of formal courses to a sociological approach of growing strategic leaders.

Irregular pagination: p. 462 omitted. / This thesis examines the complex historical and political processes that helped to forge, shape and renew the Catholic educational mission during a period of significant change, 1943-1965. It utilises a qualitative methodology, including a "situated reading" of documentary, archival, visual and oral accounts to illustrate how Catholic educators worked to improve the educational standards of their schools and to promote the examination success of pupils while protecting distinctive religious and Cultural values and the autonomy of the Catholic education system from state control. The nineteenth-century mission to provide a basic primary schooling to all Catholic pupils and a secondary schooling for the select few was shaped by an Irish and Roman inheritance, diocesan structures, the characteristics of teaching orders and by distinctive religious, cultural and pedagogical values, gendered practices, and the religious formation of Catholic teachers. From 1943 to 1965, the educational mission expanded to provide a secondary schooling for all Catholic pupils. It encompassed four goals: the transmission of faith and cultural practices; the social and educational advancement of all Catholic pupils; their successful integration as citizens in New Zealand society; and the promotion of religious and intellectual leaders. In the context of the 1944 Thomas reforms, Catholic educators defended the autonomy of their schools from state interference and the distinctive characteristics of Catholic education from "secular" values. In the post-war years Catholic teachers resolved tensions between religious and secular goals by infusing curriculum subjects with religious values and promoting a Catholic world view. At the same time they utilised state models of teacher training and the expertise of inspectors to improve the educational standards of Catholic schools while incorporating pedagogical and curriculum advances to ensure the "secular" success of Catholic pupils. This thesis demonstrates issues that cross State-Catholic educational boundaries: the process of educational policymaking, the role of the State in education, issues of citizenship, power, identity, gender and difference. By exploring the political, cultural and religious context of teachers' and pupils' lives, the location of Catholics in New Zealand society and conflicts over educational values it reshapes understandings about the nature and compass of education in New Zealand.

Professional military education is a well‐established system in most modern militaries. Like all things though, incremental and ad hoc improvements to legacy approaches typically lead to reduced quality. It is therefore, essential to periodically review the entire system for holistic effectiveness. For military education, this need is particularly important when the global security environment is experiencing such rapid change. Added to this is the emerging understanding of the ‘new sciences’ that provides a unique opportunity to improve cognitive agility when confronting complex adaptive systems. There is also an urgent need to acknowledge and enhance the intangible dimension of professional military education beyond mere content‐centric subject expertise. From the literature on hidden learning and constructivism, there are a number of opportunities available for modernizing the legacy paradigm of professional military education. This study investigated the role of holistic learning (formal, non‐formal, informal, selfdirected, and incidental learning) in the professional development of 29 mid‐career military officers. It involved detailed study of their participation on the seven‐month staff course at the New Zealand Defence College from May to December 2008. Mixed methodology data collection included observations, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, and document analysis. Analytic procedures ranged from statistical comparisons through to qualitative theme constructs. The study found a number of dimensions (sources and influences) contributing to holistic learning. It also identified a number of opportunities to improve the learning experience. The findings identify a number of important factors in developing strategic artists. Of these, the greatest need is for a strategic plan to extend the current content‐centric syllabus into a full curriculum with intangible traits clearly linked to formal and informal learning activities. Specific components required in this strategic plan include an academic philosophy and a cross‐referencing matrix. The study also recommends reviewing time allocated to cross‐discipline learning of the profession and cognitive agility focused on deep learning. There is also a need to re‐examine the directing staff requirements, management of learner stress, and shaping practical‐value motivation strategies through cultural artefacts. Collectively, the findings recommend shifting from the traditional vessel‐filling paradigm of formal courses to a sociological approach of growing strategic leaders.