The aim of this thesis is to examine whether social enterprise provides employment and enterprise opportunities for homeless people. The homelessness literature has paid little attention to this changing policy landscape. This thesis seeks to contribute to the academic literature on homelessness and social enterprise and explores the ways in which social enterprise meets the employment and enterprise needs of homeless people. The research for this thesis focused on homelessness social enterprises based in England. The approach was guided by the critical realist method and included the construction of a database, multiple case study organisations, and interviews with homeless people and social enterprise leaders. An observational element was also incorporated in the case study organisations and wider social enterprises operating in the homelessness field. The research found that labour market exclusion of homeless people usually occurs early on in the lifecycle and was embedded over time through individual, inter-personal and structural elements. As a response to this social problem the research uncovered a number of existing and emerging homelessness social enterprise models. Organisations adopting these approaches occupy different sectors of the economy and provide a wide variety of (predominately service sector) jobs. The evidence also suggests they adopt different legal forms and use hybrid funding sources. Moreover, they cluster into particular types and most are not currently able to operate without the support of a host organisation. Instances of homelessness social enterprises were found to be increasing but clear challenges concerning their development came from exogenous economic and political factors. These developmental challenges were found to be buffered against by social elements endogenous to social enterprises. Also various advantages and disadvantages were related to each model, which critically highlighted that some approaches were better suited than others to assist homeless people into employment and enterprise, especially those experiencing ‘deep exclusion’ issues.

Given that a quoting author is first a reader of a text and on the presupposition that communication is both cooperative and dialogical, this study considers quotation from a fresh perspective. Our thesis is that, in many cases, NT quotation of the OT promotes transformation on the lifeworld/worldview level by evoking theological tradition. The first part of the study unpacks the elements of this hypothesis, including: intertextuality and the function of quotation; types of “context”; the author/text/reader interaction and the implied author/reader construct; textual tradition and the relationship of Story to lifeworld/worldview and theology; the evoking of Story and activation of mutual context via quotation; and the resulting transformation of lifeworld/worldview, theology and Story. The methodology we create to explore the transformational nature of quotation frames these elements within a model of communicative interaction based on speech-act theory. Our action model includes the illocutionary and perlocutionary acts of the implied author as well as the illocutionary effect of understanding and the associated perlocutionary effects (responses of belief and/or action) of the implied reader. By holding the author, reader and text in creative tension, we present meaning as cooperative, thus bridging the chasm between authorial intention and reader response. We distinguish three reader roles: (i) an Independent reader ignores the illocutionary and perlocutionary acts, (ii) an Analyst achieves the illocutionary response (understanding) but is either unwilling or unable to respond with an associated perlocutionary effect, and (iii) an Envisager understands the illocutionary act and also responds with an associated perlocutionary effect. Perlocution thus reveals the transformational response of the implied reader as well as the implied author’s intentions for lifeworld/worldview, Story and theology. Making a perlocutionary response associated with the illocution means that an empirical reader moves beyond understanding to transformation. To evaluate the purposes of NT authors and readers in communicative interaction with regard to a specific quotation, we first determine the contribution of the quoted passage and its co-text to lifeworld/worldview, theology and Story and assess what it would mean to be an Envisaging reader of the quoted text. Then we determine whether the NT author uses the quotation to transform the lifeworld/worldview, theology and Story of the NT audience by evoking the theological Story-lines of the source text. Our examples and case studies come from the OT Psalms. The first case study is the quotation of Psalm 115:1a LXX in 2 Corinthians 4:13. We investigate the claim that Paul takes this verse “out of context” and we also consider the contention that Paul reads the psalm messianically. In the second case study, we examine the transformational efforts of various NT authors who quote Psalm 110:1.

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This thesis provides a thorough clarification of the rules governing parallel trade in pharmaceutical products within the EEA; from first to final marketing. More specifically, the thesis provides an analysis of the application of EC competition law (Articles 81 and 82 EC Treaty), the free movement of goods provisions (Articles 28-30 EC Treaty), Community measures, and Member State laws to parallel import-restrictive measures. The EC Treaty and Community measures must, in conjunction with Member State laws, facilitate the establishment of an internal market without compromising public health and safety. For example, the application of Articles 81 and 82 EC Treaty to parallel import-restrictive measures must take into consideration the need to promote public health and safety by acknowledging the pharmaceutical industry’s reliance on future investments in 'research and development' (R&D). Similarly, the application of Articles 28-30 EC Treaty to repackaging of pharmaceutical products must take into consideration the need to protect public health and safety. The importance of balancing the pro-integration objective with the public health and safety objective is particularly evident in relation to the application of the EC Treaty to Member State laws governing the pharmaceutical market-specific and potentially parallel import-restrictive requirement of marketing authorisations. Parallel trade is, nevertheless, a statistically safe practice, and considered essential to market integration by encouraging intra-brand competition and widening customer choice. Parallel trade is also believed to generate savings to national health authorities, and ultimately patients and taxpayers. The thesis therefore concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at strengthening the protection and promotion of public health and safety without having an unduly negative impact on the establishment of an internal market.

This study is concerned with demonstrating the importance of the Supreme Court in the constitutional system of the United Arab Emirates, discovering its possible contributions to constitutional development and recommending measures to improve the effectiveness of the Court. A brief analysis of the modern history of the United Arab Emirates and an outline of the characteristics of this country and its society are provided. The constitutional history of the country is given, with specific emphasis on the process of drafting the current constitution. The role of constitutional courts in federal systems, their contributions to and the theoretical basis for participation in the development and maintenance of, constitutional systems is discussed. This study includes a fairly detailed analysis of the arguments about the role of the U.S. Supreme Court and the American Federal judiciary in practising judicial review, and the authority of judicial interpretations of the constitution. The West German experience in judicial review and its effects on federalism is analysed. The constitutional system of the United Arab Emirates and the position and competence of its Supreme Court is evaluated. A detailed study is provided of the development of the jurisprudence of the court since its establishment. Findings and recommendations aimed at improving the contribution of the Supreme Court in the constitutional system of the United Arab Emirates are provided.