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This thesis is a study of the possibility of invoking the international responsibility of the Security Council for its actions. The presumption of my thesis is that the UN with separate personality is responsible for the internationally wrongful acts of the Security Council, however, in certain circumstances the member states of the Security Council particularly, the decision makers could be held responsible. As many entities are dealing with Security Council, the determination of the responsible entity becomes very difficult. This thesis has identified three important areas of tension in such responsibility. First, the legal status of the Security Council, relating to whether it is considered "above the law"; secondly, the more persistent tension concerning the relationship between member states of an International Organisation and the International Organisation itself in considering the responsibility of member states. Last but not the least, the tension related to the scarcity, if not the lack, of recent practice concerning the international responsibility of the Security Council as well as the absence of rules that govern such a responsibility, will be discussed. This thesis is premised on the assumption that the Security Council has recently extended powers and is getting involved in virtually every single matter at both international level and at the non-international level. This inevitably raises issues of the international responsibility of the Security Council which have remained undeveloped, and which, accordingly, urges the necessity of establishing principles govern such international responsibility. Most notably, the subject of the international responsibility of the Security Council has not been addressed in the Articles on Responsibility of States for international wrongful acts. Thus in the light of the uncertainty and the rapid development of the powers of the Security Council, this thesis aims to fill the gaps as to the international responsibility of the Security Council.

The United Nations was established in the belief that working together states could curb the use of force and the damage to states and individuals associated with it. Upon its creation the United Nations Security Council became the global policeman enforcing the rules of the Charter aided by the weapons contained in Chapter V11. One of those weapons was the recourse to economic sanctions. In theory, if the economic lifeblood of a state is cut off it will be forced to modify its behaviour without the need for military intervention. As such, economic sanctions are an attractive resource for an institution seeking to avoid recourse to the use of force. In practice, however, economic sanctions have proven to be a complex tool, which have caused significant damage to those targeted by them. They have caused significant humanitarian difficulties, have been widely breached and have, in some instances, only served as a prelude to the use of force. Literature in this field to date has concentrated on single sanctions regimes or particular aspects of sanctions. It has, therefore, failed to get to the heart of the issue, which is: what has caused these problems, are they being appropriately addressed and how should they be resolved going forward. This thesis focuses on these issues. By tracing the development of economic sanctions from the establishment of the United Nations to date it offers a unique perspective on how they have evolved. It uses case studies and illustrative examples supported by a wide range of legal, political, historical and economic material to show the context in which economic sanctions are taken. It also critically analyses the difficulties that have arisen with sanctions regimes and the attempts that have been made to resolve them. Aligned to the consideration of economic sanctions is a reflection on the extent to which the power of the United Nations Security Council has developed during this time period. It suggests that the United Nations use of economic sanctions, in light of recent judicial decisions, is under threat and offers a solution in the form of a proposal for two new institutions, which would support the United Nations in its use of economic sanctions.

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