This thesis explores the governance of transnational partnerships for development involving social enterprises. Whilst large-scale partnerships involving governments and multinational corporations have long featured on the international landscape, small-scale partnerships involving social enterprises represent a relatively recent development, which has been greeted with both enthusiasm and scepticism. This thesis contributes to this debate with an empirical case study of a UK-based social enterprise, FRANK Water. Using the slogan "Drink Me, Save Lives", the organisation sells bottled water products in the UK to raise funds for safe drinking water projects in India. The thesis explores the governance tensions facing this organisation at three different "sites": in the UK, at the transnational level, and in India. In particular, the thesis focuses on how the organisation has dealt with tensions around legal form, recruitment and staffing, funding sources, measuring results, multiple stakeholders, the role of institutions and behaviour change. As will be seen, whilst to some extent these tensions were possible to overcome, the organisation ultimately shifted away from selling bottled water and split its operations from the mainstream activities of its partners. Drawing on Bacchi's "What's the Problem Represented to be?" (WPR) framework, this thesis therefore suggests that approaches to governance tensions can be divided into "problem-solving" and "problematising" approaches. Whereas problem-solving approaches attempt to overcome these tensions, problematising approaches more broadly explore how social enterprise has been framed and whose interests this serves. The thesis suggests that rather than negating social enterprise, problematising approaches can help to identify which forms of social enterprise are appropriate, depending on whose interests are at stake. The thesis therefore concludes by suggesting that social enterprises are appropriate for organisations looking to internalise income streams, particularly in the North. If the aim is to increase access to sustainable services for the poor, however, then the thesis suggests that a social enterprise approach cannot be used as a substitute for an engagement with wider structural dynamics.

No description available.

Throughout the 1990s the weak legitimacy of state institutions and the realisation that the state alone could not meet all social needs came to the fore. This brought with it a surge of interest in the voluntary sector and the role its organisations play in contributing to the alleviation of human problems. The emphasis placed on voluntary action at the national and international levels also brought with it an awareness of the loose and amorphous networks of individuals, who come together on a regular basis for the good of their communities (Kim, 2,004). Nonetheless, third sector inquiry has remained largely focused on those larger organisations with a service-providing function (Toepler, 2003). As a result, there is virtually no discussion of what small non-formal groups are, how they work or what theoretical and empirical research traditions apply to them (Cnaan, et al. 2006). While there is now an evidence base in the United Kingdom (UK) about the types of small groups which make up what is commonly referred to as the 'below the radar' sector, this attention has not materialised to the same extent in Northern Ireland. In attempting to fill this gap in our knowledge about the small, nonformal groups at the community level, this study employed various qualitative methods to identify' and recruit these essentially 'hidden' groups, within the predominately Catholic Falls and the predominately Protestant Shankill areas of inner city west Belfast. Given that these groups are rarely studied from a perspective that is both descriptive and conceptual (Cnaan, et al. 2006.1), various ingredients of the grounded theory approach were also adopted in this study in order to view, what are defined in this research as less visible, very small organisations (VSOs), through the most useful conceptual lenses.

The thesis is divided into three parts. The first is a case study of the Aberdeen System of Day Industrial Feeding Schools and the associated movement from 1841-1884. Particular attention is given to changes that occurred in the type of service provided during the development of the movement's organisation and the extension of government involvement in its activities. The second part is an analysis of this material. After a discussion of terms like 'needs' and 'social service move-ment', indicators are proposed for a typology of conceptualisations of ascribed client needs in social service provision. A holistic type is indicated when different kinds of need are met simultaneously, when there is a broad category of explan-ation of client behaviour and an inclusive focus of treatment. A specialist type is indicated when different kinds of need are met separately, when there is a more narrow category of explanation of client behaviour and an exclusive focus of treatment. Using this typology it is shown that the Aberdeen system changed from a holistic towards a more specialist conceptual-isation of ascribed client needs after the passing of legis-lation in 1854. This change is studied in relation to phases in the movement's organisation, objectives, strategies, tactics and ideology, and in relation to stages in the extension of government involvement. In inter-relating these variables, it is suggested that there is a pattern of change within the typology. This is identified and summarised as a 'career' path from a holistic towards a specialist type of conceptual-isation. The third part considers the implications for social policy in Britain, with particular reference to changes in the type of conceptualization of ascribed client need reflected in forms and structures of social service provision in the 1950's and in 1975, and to social service movements today.

No description available.

The thesis provides an in-depth investigation of the significance of specific ethical experiences for humanitarian aid work. Following Emmanuel Levinas's and Martin Buber's understanding of ethics as arising from intersubjective encounters, I analyse four contemporary humanitarian aid workers' memoirs, and investigated the experiences humanitarian aid workers describe as being crucial for their humanitarian engagement revealing the nature of the specific encounters in which they arise as an ethical subject. In doing so, I explored three aspects: first, the role of particular experiences for humanitarian aid workers' motivation to work in the humanitarian sector; second, the role of particular experiences for humanitarian aid workers' ability to cope with the challenging nature of their work; and third the commonalities among these experiences.

The existing literature has provided only a partial explanation of the political role of South Korean humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in government food aid policy making towards North Korea between 1995 and 2007. Using a constructivist approach which includes non-state actor and normative factors in the analysis of state policy making, this thesis demonstrates that South Korean humanitarian NGO advocacy was consequential in explaining changes in South Korea’s food aid policy making in respect of state agenda setting, the formation of a discursive position and institutional and policy development. Humanitarian NGO advocacy finally contributed to government establishment of a legal framework that could provide for more consistent and large scale food aid to North Korea, irrespective of the vagaries of inter-Korean political relations. Despite humanitarian NGO advocacy, however, changes at different stages of state food aid policy making differed among the three administrations. This thesis demonstrates that these differences were attributable to the differing abilities of NGO to set agendas, network and graft new norms in respect of government policy on food aid to North Korea. These differing abilities resulted from changes in organisational mandates, funding capacities and the expertise of NGOs over time. Firstly, a strong humanitarian mandate between 1995 and 2000 was a key factor that enabled NGOs to overcome the organisational limits that stemmed from their poor funding capacity and lack of expertise. Secondly, stable funding capacity contributed to improvements in organisational expertise; however, increased reliance on government funding after 2000 resulted in the weakening of NGOs’ advocacy ability. Lastly, given the favourable operational environment after the Inter-Korean Summit in 2000, the organisational expertise of NGOs developed to a level where it was possible to exert direct influence on government food aid policy making towards North Korea.

The thesis examines the operations of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in Greece in the' immediate post-war era, 1944-47; By relying on UNRRA's rich and mostly unexplored archive, it constitutes the first attempt at examining a genuinely under-researched topic. The main argument is that the triangular nexus of a disintegrated national administration, a malfunctioning international organization and civil-war conditions (both latent and overt) contrived to aid being deliberately used by the state as political leverage, with the UNRRA mission partaking in the violation of its mandate and principles, The establishment, financial configuration and administrative structure of the Administration are considered in Chapter I. Chapter II assesses the impact of the Axis occupation on the Greek economy and society. The first 'two rounds' of external relief assistance, provided by the International Red Cross during the occupation, and the British-headed Military Liaison (ML) in its immediate aftermath, are also discussed. UNRRA's working relationship with the ML and its stance during the civil war in Athens in December 1944 are considered as a precedent for the 'third round' of relief. Chapter III offers an overall account of UNRRA's relief and rehabilitation activities. Chapter IV provides a locus for scrutinizing UNRRA's operations by focusing on the Cyclades islands. It examines the establishment and operation of the welfare system, the provision of food supplies, and the interplay between relief policies and the development of the local economy. Chapters V and VI contextualize the politics of international relief and rehabilitation in the light of the convoluted political, social and economic conditions in Greece of the mid-1940s, and the emerging Cold War.

The British voluntary and community sector (VCS) is currently experiencing unprecedented funding cuts. Many small voluntary groups are ceasing to exist under the strain of increasing demand for services and simultaneous funding cuts. As a consequence, the VCS is in transition, experiencing new challenges and opportunities. This thesis is an analysis of the opportunities and challenges experienced by the adult social care VCS in Greater Manchester under the Coalition government 2010-2015. I have developed a reflexive feminist ethnography, using participatory approaches within the adult social care VCS of Greater Manchester and one adult social care homelessness VCS organisation. The thesis begins by considering the historical, ideological and policy background to the VCS before exploring the challenges and opportunities that the VCS of Greater Manchester experience. I then focus on the experiences of one adult social care homelessness VCS organisation in depth. Gender is considered throughout the thesis comparing the experiences of women within the VCS and reflecting on my gendered role as a researcher. As a piece of feminist emancipatory participatory research, my thesis has implications for VCS policy and practice. Part of my participatory focus has included the development of a Sustainable Livelihoods Toolkit for VCS organisations. This toolkit supports VCS organisations to carry out an assets based organisational evaluation. The toolkit empowers small community and voluntary groups to focus on organisational assets and supports groups to develop strategy based upon these assets. The adaptation of SLA for VCS groups and my addition of a sixth sustainable livelihoods capital, love, forms my contribution to original knowledge.

Cette thèse a pour objet la cause des étrangers dans le Nord de la France et l’envisage comme un espace d'engagement dans lequel se rencontrent des associations et des militants qui coopèrent ou s’opposent. L’enquête a été menée dans la métropole lilloise de janvier 2009 à juin 2012, par observations, entretiens, questionnaires et analyse d'archives. La thèse étudie d’abord les associations en mettant l'accent sur leurs modes d'action et sur les relations entretenues par les militants avec l'État. Elle se consacre ensuite à l'engagement individuel et aux évolutions du militantisme de la cause des étrangers. Les dispositions à l'engagement, issues de la socialisation des individus, apparaissent comme des éléments explicatifs des trajectoires personnelles. L'étude des ressorts de l'engagement, de ses logiques et de ses justifications permet de caractériser l'espace de la cause étudiée et de définir trois profils de militants : les chrétiens de gauche, les philanthropes et les militants d'extrême-gauche. Enfin, l'étude du travail militant révèle dans quelle mesure les pratiques militantes et les relations entre les associations et l'État sont marquées par des tendances à la juridicisation, à la professionnalisation, à la salarisation et à la formalisation, évolutions qui sont constitutives d'un processus d'institutionnalisation du monde associatif et militant. La thèse rend compte ainsi de la construction de la cause des étrangers, de son espace, des pratiques militantes qui la caractérisent et des logiques de l'engagement des militants qui s'y consacrent. Ce travail se présente comme une contribution à la sociologie de l'engagement et du militantisme. / This PhD dissertation focuses on the cause of foreigners in the North of France, this cause being seen as a space of involvement where activists and associations meet, work together or confront each other. Fieldwork was conducted in Lille and its surroundings from January 2009 to June 2012. It was based on direct observations, interviews, questionnaire as well as archives analysis. First, the dissertation focuses on associations by putting the stress on their types of actions and the links and relations existing between activists and the State. Then, it deals with the individual involvement and the changes in activism in the cause of foreigners. Predispositions to involvement come from individuals’socialization and contribute to explain the path in life. The analysis of the motives and forms of involvement leads me to define the space of the cause studied and three types of activists: left-wing christians, philantropists and leftists. Finally, the analysis of the activist work reveals to what extent the activists’ practices and the relations between the associations and the State are shaped by several trends which are typical of a process of institutionalization of the non-profit and activist world: associations tend to have a more legal, professional, formal type of action and organization. The dissertation describes the making of the cause of foreigners, of its space, of activists’ practices and the logics of activists’ involvement. This work is more broadly a contribution to the sociology of involvement and activism.