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The thesis questions the official views that there is no homelessness in Athens by exploring the social constructions of homelessness adopted by central state, local state, church, and voluntary agencies that manage the homeless. In particular it explores whether available welfare provisions and the ensemble of networks of providers shape who and how many the homeless are, and where they reside. In Greece the issue has only recently been recognized, so existing literature is limited. Drawing upon the international literature I argue that the main dimensions of homelessness should be documented and analysed on different geographical scales. However, given the differentiated powers of providers within a welfare regime, their ideologies are crucial for the formal recognition and the every day treatment of homelessness. I suggest that the Greek welfare regime is a variant of familistic southern European ones, including networks between formal and informal providers, which contribute to socio-economic inequalities and to traditional social control of the urban poor. Using primary and secondary data I provide updated estimates for the extent of various levels of visible and invisible homelessness in Athens and I apply principal components analysis to map the distribution of homeless shelters and housing deprivation in the city. I find that substandard housing and makeshift arrangements conceal a poor population in city fringes and inner city areas and that asylums become poles hiding the homeless, and scattered charity shelters accommodate those without family support. From analysis of official documents, interviews with providers and observations from my own participation in various projects, I argue that four providers form distinct philanthropic networks and discourses, which I term bureaucratic, political, civil, and religious. Constrained by limited resources, fragmentation, and hierarchy, professionals resort to philanthropic discourses to acknowledge responsibility for different kinds of recipients exposed to different risks of homelessness. Exclusions select deserving from undeserving clients. These practices do not facilitate access to housing, income, employment, or good quality of care for the homeless.

No description available.

No description available.

Can evidence of the so-called 'Broad Spectrum Revolution' be found across southern Europe at the end of the Pleistocene and the early Postglacial? If so, what is its significance? Archaeozoological material from four cave and rock shelter sites on the Mediterranean peninsulae was examined to test the evidence for change or continuity of diet over this important period. The sites are Theopetra, in Greece, Mondeval de Sora and Riparo Tagliente, in Italy, and Gruta do Caldeirao, in Portugal, all of which have evidence for late Upper Palaeolithic and/or early Mesolithic occupations by human groups. In addition to these case studies, the sites were put into context using the literature for other important sites in these regions. The conclusion is that there is considerable inter-site variability and indeed intra-site continuity of diet over the transitionary period, and that 'revolution' is a far too loaded term for what actually appears to have occurred.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely recognised as harmful, persistent organic pollutants, whilst surfactants are more easily degraded but their ubiquitous use both domestically and industrially ensures their presence in natural waters. Owing to both their hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, surfactants are capable of both adsolubilisation and solubilisation of co-contaminants, hence, their presence in natural waters is considered extremely significant. The purpose of this research was to determine how surfactants and PAHs influence each other in estuaries where both are co-disposed. This study is the first to employ environmentally realistic concentrations of surfactants and to use natural particles in order to determine how changes in surfactant behaviour impinge on the sorption of a representative PAH to sediment. The experimental method employed involved tracing the solubility and sorption of a '''C-labelled PAH (phenanthrene) in the presence of representative surfactants from the three main groups, i.e., anionic, nonionic and cationic. Initially the four compounds were examined in isolation at two temperatures (8°C and 20°C), salinities and particle concentrations. The next stage involved incorporating each surfactant with phenanthrene in the same experiment and repeating the range of variables. Solubility and adsorption of phenanthrene in the presence of Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or hexadecyltrimethylammonium iodide (HDTMA) proved to be highly complex. The adsorption, expressed as a Freundlich coefficient, KF was generally nonlinear and varied according to surfactant type, salinity, temperature, and contact sequence. The overriding influence, however, was sediment particulate matter (SPM) concentration. On some occasions the surfactants in isolation displayed unusual particle concentration effects (PCE), such as an increase of surfactant in the aqueous phase as the SPM concentration increased. Despite this, they all generally exaggerate the more typical PCE displayed by phenanthrene, where the particle-water partition coefficient is reduced as particle concentration increases. This effect is then modified by temperature and contact sequence, which has important environmental implications with regard to removal or release of compounds stored within sediments. However, overall, at environmentally relevant concentrations, the surfactants appear to enhance sorption, rather than solubility, with HDTMA the most effective surfactant at removing phenanthrene from the aqueous phase.

This thesis assesses the influence of The Home Office, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulaiy, the Association of Chief Police Officers, the Audit Commission, the Local Police Authority, and the Chief Constable on local policy makers and impleinenters within the Devon & Cornwall Constabiilary. It is based on five policy areas: the structmre of the organisation. The Citizens' Charter, Annual Policing (now Performance) Plans, Domestic Violence Policy, and Equal Opportunities Policy. Unlike previous research, it brings together the issues of policy and practice at all levels of the organisation through interviews with senior managers in the Devon & Cornwall Constabulary and members of the Local Police Authority, and questionnaires to front line police officers; as well as analysis of Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary reports and Police Authority Policing Plans, and recomniendations made in Home Office Circulars and Audit Commission reports. The research was carried out prior to the infroduction of Crime and Disorder Partnerships and Crime Audits, required by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Both policy makers and policy implementers believed that there was a sfrong influence from all the key players in the policy areas examined, with the exception of the Association.of Chief Police Officers arid the Local Police Authority: There is-no'^yidence; to suggest that there has been any change in the power relationship between the Chief Constable and the Police Authority. For police officers directly iiivolved in the implementation process. The Citizens' Charter and Annual Policing (now Performance) Plans had made little differerice to the way they carried out their day-to-day work. In these more generic policy areas they saw less influence from the key players but perceived greater influence coming from consumers, public opinion, colleagues and immediate supervisors. In the tighter policy area of domestic violence, where there is greater top down confrol, the mfluence of the key players was the sfrongest, and local autonomy, both in policy and practice was hard to find. The police organisatiori retains many of the attiibutes of a classical bureaucracy and an ideal form of organisational stincture has yet to be found.

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No description available.

Motorists are slowly becoming aware that they are legally and morally responsible for ensuring that they are fully rested and not at risk from sleepiness when driving, while vehicle manufacturers continue to attempt to find fail-safe warning systems. What further practical and theoretical advice can we give to drivers in order to reduce sleepiness-related accidents? Are technological countermeasures a viable alternative? Can we further predict the types of people who are most at risk by examining individual differences? This thesis outlines a series of experimental studies to investigate possible answers to these questions, and discusses the philosophy behind them.