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This thesis examines the spoken and written discourse of uniformed British police officers. Utilising a rhetorical and discursive analysis, the study considers firstly how officers use their considerable powers of discretion to deal informally with crime and criminal incidents. Focusing on a form of discretion that the police refer to as cuffing, two specific discursive practices were identified as being used by police to informally resolve crime: these were the giving of suitable advice and the that's civil device. The second part of the study was concerned with the formal prosecution process and how officers construct prosecution case files. Specifically, how they reformulate and precis evidence in 'domestic' violence cases to assist a Crown prosecutor in making a charging decision. In this normally confidential and non-public discourse, officers rely upon a very narrow range of linguistic devices and speech genres; these are combined with an equally limited array of gendered stereotypes and legal myths, with the result that prosecution cases can be 'subverted' (Sacks 1995) and thus discontinued. In both studies, the doing of policing was consistent with two occupational ideologies that are influential within police operational subcultures: the ideology of pragmatism and the ideology of self-preservation. The findings raise concerns about some of the working practices of the police.

This study examines the role of public relations in police organisations. It takes as its case study the organisation and practice of police public relations in the United Arab Emirates Ministry of Interior. From examinations of secondary sources, it argues that public relations is very important for negotiating an environmental understanding by organisations. This is particularly important in a country such as the United Arab Emirates with a very large immigrant population. The review of secondary sources also brought out the significance of media and sound management strategies to successful public relations campaigns.;Primary data for analysis were collected through a combination of official documents containing the public relations strategies of UAE ministry of interior, interviews with members of the top management police public relations managers; content analysis of one mainstream newspaper and the monthly Police magazine, as well as a survey questionnaire administered to both members of the Police Force and members of the public.;The findings from the data collected highlight the indispensability of sound public relations strategies and understanding of the way the mass media work to successful public relations campaigns. Hence, the main finding of the study is that the mass media and relevant public relations strategies are important for organisations that want to use public relations to negotiate a mutual understanding between the organisation and its public on one hand and between the organisation and the environment on the other.

Data mining technologies have been used by marketers to provide personalisation. In other words, the exact placement of the right offer to the right person at the right time. The police can apply this technique for providing the right inquiry to the right perpetrators at the right time, before or after person has committed a crime. The aim of this Thesis is to use data mining in operational policing for crime prediction and detection. Crime data contains rich information. However, it is inconsistent, incomplete and noisy thus making it difficult to get any useful information from it. The goal of this Thesis is to use data mining techniques on Police data, which could be used for analysis while making Police strategies to reduce the crime activities. Volume crimes (such as robbery) are difficult to analyse because of their high number and similarity between their Modus Operandi (MO). The methodological approach developed in this Thesis will help Police analysts to attribute undetected crimes to known offenders who may be responsible, with 72.9% to 93.57% accuracy, for committing the crime. The results obtained are encouraging, which demonstrating that supervised (MLP, and C5.0) and unsupervised techniques (SOM) in combination give greater accuracy compared to the existing Police methods. The same data mining technologies can be used with 53.47% to 58.77% accuracy, for predicting spatial -tempora I features of crime hit by prolific offender's network. With the time series, we were able to predict next month's volume of crimes on the top ten spatial spots with 76.4% accuracy.

This thesis offers an exploratory investigation of public order policing in the context of events that are staged for members of different types of communities. The research utilises a qualitative case study methodology that combines observational fieldwork conducted during the planning and staging of four events with the interviewing of 27 participants involved in this process. Relative to other public order contexts (e.g. political protest, industrial disputes, community disorder), academic research on the type of • community-based' events that formed the basis of the field research is lacking. The presented empirical findings reveal that a number of micro, meso and macro factors impacted on the prospects for safety and order at the observed events. An evaluation of existing public order related analytic accounts highlight both opportunities and limitations in explaining these factors. In response, an analytic framework is developed which employs Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of the habitus and the field. This reveals that the prospects for safety and order are enhanced when the police and organisers are engaged in close working practices which increase trust, cohesive decisionmaking, communication and consistency. The resulting policy implications are intended as 'good practice' guidance for both the police and organisers in relation to planning and staging community-based events, and identifying potential 'beyond the event' benefits. Although this thesis is exploratory and care is required in making generalisations, future research could determine whether the presented analytic framework and the policy implications are applicable to other public order contexts.

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Law enforcement analysis is increasingly utilized by police organizations to help its warranted officials understand the public safety and security environment and make decisions about threats, harms and risks. While there is a well-developed practitioner literature and a number of evaluative studies about law enforcement analysis, there has been little empirical research into the day-to-day work practice of law enforcement analysis. This thesis utilizes participant observation and semi-structured interviews to construct an ethnography of the daily work practice of law enforcement analysis in three sites in the USA, Ireland and the UK. This empirical research at the intersection of the organizational structures and work cultures of both the law enforcement analytic units and the larger police organisation to which they belong helps explain not only how knowledge is created but also what knowledge and why. The thesis concludes that while law enforcement analysis produces valuable knowledge about current threats and harms and plays a role in organizational risk management, a variety of factors circumscribe the type of knowledge that is produced. The result is that the future is left largely unknown and that law enforcement analysts play a limited role in brokering organizational uncertainty about the public safety and security environment.

The basic mission of the police is to prevent crime and disorder and this translates into measuring police efficiency by the absence of crime and disorder rather than the visible actions taken to deal with crime and restore the violated order. For almost two centuries now, crime prevention has been understood and approached as the core responsibility of the police as they are the active partners who are responsible to activate the community who is the passive partner towards crime prevention. Recently there are scholars, police scientists and researchers who are of the view that the police cannot prevent crime so crime prevention should not be the core function of the police. The study gives a detailed analysis of the proponents and opponents of crime prevention as the core function of the police. This analysis has been provided in the context of the origin of policing through to the modern era in policing in an attempt to find out for which purpose the police had been established for. This is done in order to track down whether the initial purpose for which the police had been established for has changed in modern policing, with the ultimate aim of affirming or negating the proposition by some of the proponents of crime prevention as not the core function of the police, who are of the view that crime prevention should no longer be the core function of the police, as used to be the case.The arguments and counter arguments on whether crime prevention is the core function of the police or not, as well as the response from the selected countries were analyzed. The golden thread that runs through the eras of policing is that crime prevention is and has always been the main function of the police. The relative ease of measuring police performance by reactive activities in comparison with proactive activities seems to indicate that the police might focus more working on these measurable activities as compared to crime prevention activities that could go unnoticed. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

The basic mission of the police is to prevent crime and disorder and this translates into measuring police efficiency by the absence of crime and disorder rather than the visible actions taken to deal with crime and restore the violated order. For almost two centuries now, crime prevention has been understood and approached as the core responsibility of the police as they are the active partners who are responsible to activate the community who is the passive partner towards crime prevention. Recently there are scholars, police scientists and researchers who are of the view that the police cannot prevent crime so crime prevention should not be the core function of the police. The study gives a detailed analysis of the proponents and opponents of crime prevention as the core function of the police. This analysis has been provided in the context of the origin of policing through to the modern era in policing in an attempt to find out for which purpose the police had been established for. This is done in order to track down whether the initial purpose for which the police had been established for has changed in modern policing, with the ultimate aim of affirming or negating the proposition by some of the proponents of crime prevention as not the core function of the police, who are of the view that crime prevention should no longer be the core function of the police, as used to be the case.The arguments and counter arguments on whether crime prevention is the core function of the police or not, as well as the response from the selected countries were analyzed. The golden thread that runs through the eras of policing is that crime prevention is and has always been the main function of the police. The relative ease of measuring police performance by reactive activities in comparison with proactive activities seems to indicate that the police might focus more working on these measurable activities as compared to crime prevention activities that could go unnoticed. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)