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The sea is a restless realm, In part that restlessness is timeless: the action of wind and waves. In part it is ancient: the direct threat of pirates. In part it is very modern: the threat of terrorism that has been felt acutely since the events of 11th September 2001. he reaction to these events has had a profound and continuing impact in the maritime domain. In particular it has been suggested that pirates and maritime terrorists present a largely common threat to international maritime security. This thesis examines this hypothesis by reviewing each phenomenon separately before asking how and under what circumstances pirates and maritime terrorists might come together.

Maritime piracy has risen in the public awareness as attacks off the coast of Somalia '.have significantly increased since 2007 and, more recently, in West Africa's Gulf of Guinea. Commercially operated ships are at high risk of becoming piracy victims unless robust security measures are taken to prevent such attacks. This thesis attempts to provide a methodology that can be used by marine risk analysts in order to advise a shipowner on the likelihood of a piracy attack against a particular ship at a certain time and under certain environmental conditions. It was also envisaged to make an assessment of the threats that such an attack leads to hijacking of the ship. Due to the highly complex environment a ship is operating in the likelihood of a successful hijacking depends on many factors. These include wind and weather conditions, ship characteristics such as freeboard and speed: the cargo that is being carried, the presence of naval forces in the sea area as well as the security measures taken by the crew. In the current difficult economic climate for ship operations, with low freight rates and tonnage overcapacity for many cargoes, a shipowner is reluctant to invest in unnecessary security measures. Especially the cost of a professional private armed security team is a great expenditure that has to be well thought through and based on a realistic and profound risk analysis in order to balance the risk cost and benefits. This thesis proposes a Bayesian Network model (BN-model) to deal with this multiattribute decision analysis problem under high uncertainty and in such a complex environment. The generic BN-model accommodates all relevant factors that COntribute to a hijacking of a ship. Its appropriateness was tested. Given that some BN-nodes are not based on reliable historical data and, fur t her, that it is difficult to reflect the real-world problem using numerical values, domain experts were requested to provide t heir assessment using linguistic terms. The experts' judgments were processed and aggregated using an enhanced evidential reasoning approach. The weights were determined for the attributes (BN-nodes) by applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the utility values of the evaluation grades provided for calculating a single crisp number for the likelihood of an attack. The final refinement of the piracy BN-model was achieved by running a MonteCarlo simulation on the root nodes that had been previously improved through the linguistic input from experts. The results of the simulation were then statistically analysed, i.e. statistical tools were applied including a sensitivity analysis. Such an assessment could be used in deciding which measure(s) are most appropriate to mitigate the risk of a hijack for a ship while sailing through the piracy High Risk Area while taking into account the budget constraints mentioned above. This t thesis, comprising of six chapters, follows a step-by-step approach with the aim of developing a commercially viable risk assessment product that, after refinement and conversion into appropriate software, could be used by shipowners, ship operators or charterers to assess the risk for a particular ship when transiting pirate-infested areas using the Bayesian Probabilistic Network approach in conjunct ion with an enhanced Evidential Reasoning methodology, the Analytical Hierarchy Process and Monte-Carlo simulation as underlying methodologies.

Cette thèse porte sur une comparaison des pratiques envers la propriété des graffeur.ses, street-artistes, militant.e.s anticapitalistes et antipubs. Partant d’une analyse de la littérature criminologique concernant le vandalisme, cette thèse interroge les figures du « vandale » ou du « casseur » en tant que constructions sociales. Dans la continuité des travaux interactionnistes en sociologie de la déviance et en criminologie post-marxiste, nous interrogeons les dégradations volontaires d’objets matériels à partir des trajectoires et expériences d’acteurs déviants, tout en replaçant ceux-ci dans l’imbrication des rapports sociaux de classe, de sexe et d’âge. L’enquête de terrain procède par ethnographie multi-située, rassemblant seize récits de vie combinés à des observations participantes. Les résultats montrent la formation et l’évolution de « sujets propriétaires » par effets de socialisation aux interactions entre individus, corps et objets matériels dans diverses sphères (familiale, scolaire, professionnelles, sous-culturelles, militantes). La propriété et la possession apparaissent comme des enjeux centraux des rapports sociaux et de la socialisation. Leur naturalisation au sein des rapports de pouvoir participe tant de la réaction sociale au vandalisme que des rapports aux objets et espaces des peintres ou militant.e.s interrogé.e.s. Malgré l’hétérogénéité de leurs positions structurelles ou de leurs trajectoires d’engagement, nous trouvons dans leurs rapports aux objets dégradés, aux pratiques de soin, aux techniques ou encore au contrôle social, une internormativité faisant dominer les normes de propriété formelle sur les normes de possession. Cette thèse explore les rapports de pouvoir contemporains traversant les atteintes à la propriété et apporte une contribution à la sociologie de la déviance, des rapports sociaux et des cultures dominées. / This study aims at comparing practices in relation to property among graffiti writers, street artists, anticapitalist and antiproductivist activists. Stemming from an analysis of the criminological literature on vandalism, this thesis explores the notions of “vandals” and “casseur” as social constructs. In line with the interactionnist works in the sociology of deviance and in post-marxist criminology, we question the willful damaging of property based on the trajectories and experiences of deviant actors, while integrating social class, gender and age dynamics in the framework. The fieldwork consisted in a multi-sited ethnography, gathering sixteen life histories combined with participant observations. Results show the formation and evolution of “owning subjects” through socialisation processes, shaping relations between individuals, bodies and material objects in many instances (family, school, work, subcultures, activism). Property and ownership appear as central stakes in social relations and socialisation. Their naturalisation in power relations affects social reactions to vandalism as well as the relations to material objects shown by the participants. Despite heterogeneous positions in the social structure and different trajectories in relation to deviance, we find in their relation to damaged objects, in their caring practices, in their techniques or in their relationship to social control, an internormativity ensuring the dominance of formal norms over informal ownership. This study explores power relations in contemporary France and in property crimes, and contributes to the sociology of deviance, sociology of social structure and critical criminology.