All industrial nations tty to encourage and increase their finns' foreign sales by offering them government-funded export support services. But whereas the content of these services is strikingly similar in all countries, their delivery organisations differ. 1bis thesis is concerned with the consequences of these organisational differences for the services' effectiveness and efficiency. Does organisation matter at all? Is one organisation more effective and efficient than another? On the assumption that the answers to these questions are positive, several governments have re-structured their export services' organisations over the past decade. However, for academics the questions have remained open. In an attempt to contribute to the understanding of organisations' impact on effectiveness and efficiency, this thesis develops a model of the cause-effect links between 'organisation' and 'outputs', using organisational economics. The model provides the conceptual framework for analysing the Gennan and the British trade fair support services. The thesis presents detailed infonnation about the service delivery in both countries, and about the different actors involved Using a pattern-matching technique, on the basis of the model, it is predicted what outputs the described organisations would produce, if the postulated cause-effect relationships were correct. These predictions are compared with the available evidence on the organisations' actual outputs. The infonnation is drawn from a wide range of sources, including: interviews with key decisionmakers, government publications, and trade fair databases. Apart from offering the first detailed picture of the British and Gennan trade fair support organisations, the research presents evidence for the proposed cause-effect relationship between organisation and outputs: Organisation matters for both the effectiveness and the efficiency of the trade fair support services' delivery because it affects the knowledge and incentives of the actors, and the adaptability of the organisational structures. The evidence also suggests that there are tradeoffs between these variables, and that institutions play an important role in shaping organisational choices and outputs. One organisation may be different from, but equally effective and efficient as, another. The findings help to explain why, despite many years of re-structuring public sector service delivery, no panacea for 'effective and efficient' organisation has been found They also suggest the critical angles, from which existing organisations and blueprints of 'better' organisations should be examined; thus enabling conclusions about their improvability, and about the potential implications of proposed changes, to be drawn.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the use of anti-dumping measures in order to make economic sense of what seems to amount to cheating on an international agreement. There are numerous loopholes in the Anti-dumping Agreement which allow anti-dumping measures to be used as a form of protection by import-competing industries against fair trade. Some of these loopholes are of a purely legal nature, while others are more practical. During an anti-dumping investigation, a dumping margin is calculated in order to establish whether or not an accused exporter is dumping. This calculation is known as the determination of dumping. In this thesis, the various ways in which the dumping margin can be manipulated or ”captured” are investigated. It is shown that there are numerous ways in which the determination of dumping result can be manipulated in order to ensure a positive dumping result. And economists are concerned about this abuse of anti-dumping as it could have a chilling effect on international trade. However, it is shown in this thesis that anti-dumping investigations are concentrated in certain sectors. In other words, anti-dumping measures (and other non-tariff remedies) are being used as a strategy to protect certain industries. Adam Smith, the ”father” of economics, pointed out that certain sensitive or strategic industries may need to be protected, even if such protection is at the cost of economic welfare. So, it seems that the economic issue is not really about dumping, but about whether or not certain strategic industries should be protected. And it is the protection of these strategic industries, for example the iron and steel industry, that needs further research. / Economics / D. Comm. (Economics)

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the use of anti-dumping measures in order to make economic sense of what seems to amount to cheating on an international agreement. There are numerous loopholes in the Anti-dumping Agreement which allow anti-dumping measures to be used as a form of protection by import-competing industries against fair trade. Some of these loopholes are of a purely legal nature, while others are more practical. During an anti-dumping investigation, a dumping margin is calculated in order to establish whether or not an accused exporter is dumping. This calculation is known as the determination of dumping. In this thesis, the various ways in which the dumping margin can be manipulated or ”captured” are investigated. It is shown that there are numerous ways in which the determination of dumping result can be manipulated in order to ensure a positive dumping result. And economists are concerned about this abuse of anti-dumping as it could have a chilling effect on international trade. However, it is shown in this thesis that anti-dumping investigations are concentrated in certain sectors. In other words, anti-dumping measures (and other non-tariff remedies) are being used as a strategy to protect certain industries. Adam Smith, the ”father” of economics, pointed out that certain sensitive or strategic industries may need to be protected, even if such protection is at the cost of economic welfare. So, it seems that the economic issue is not really about dumping, but about whether or not certain strategic industries should be protected. And it is the protection of these strategic industries, for example the iron and steel industry, that needs further research. / Economics / D. Comm. (Economics)