The study looks at symbolism, especially the symbolism of space and visuality, in three Restauration Novellen. Gotthelf's Die Schwarze Spinne presents a religious dilemma in spatial form. Specific motifs such as changing shape and absence of position become consistent correlates of evil. If the godless characters are foreigners who have abandoned their former homes, the Christian ones affirm and restore existing space, remaining where they were born. This contrast relates to the over-riding concept of "Neu-gier" in the Novelle. Gotthelf's ultimate rejection of anything new is given spatial form and placed within its ethical, political and religious contexts. As in Gotthelf's Novelle, the landscape described in the frame of Stifter's Der Hochwald creates spatial norms which embody ethical values. By contrast, the remainder of Novelle - dealing with Clarissa's love for Ronald and the Swedish sacking of her father's castle - portrays deviations. These two strands of plot also run in parallel, with the fall of the castle emerging as an allegory of Clarissa's loss of innocence. In observing this disaster through a telescope she witnesses her own moral downfall. But the castle also appears as a "dice", the ultimate symbol of fate. The question of responsibility is therefore never resolved. In Grillparzer's Der Arme Spielmann the elements of place, position and movement have narrative functions. Above all they develop the antithesis between Jakob and "das Volk". This antithesis possesses a moral dimension, with absence of movement generally conveying an allegiance to the past. While covert forms of "theatrical" symbolism sustain the opposition of Jakob and society, the description of the festival also creates a network of analogies between them. The narrative is also sustained on various, conflicting levels concurrently, presenting a world which is dialectical - simultaneously discordant and harmonious. This all-pervasive relationship finds its ultimate expression in Jakob's room.

Using the rodent embryo culture techniques of New (1978), it can be demonstrated that, over the 48-hours culture period, the in-vitro growth and development, of explanted 9.5 days old post-implantation rat conceptuses, in immediately-centrifuged and heat-inactivated homologous serum is almost indistinguishable from that which occurs in-vivo up-to 11.5 days. Moreover, using these methods, it has become possible to grow rat conceptuses in a culture medium made up of 90 per cent human serum supplemented with glucose and 10 per cent rat serum. Embryonic growth and developmental indices achieved in culture, using supplemented human serum, were reported to be comparable to those observed in whole rat serum (Reti et al., 1982). The successful growth of rat conceptuses during the major part of the organogenetic stage, is an important technical departure, since it enables the effect of potential teratogens, in human serum to be investigated. In order to validate the current embryo culture model, it was demonstrated initially that reproducible embryonic growth and development can be achieved in appropriately prepared serum samples, obtained from healthy women during the various stages of their menstrual cycles, pregnancy and the post-natal period. Furthermore, using serum from patients with ovarian malignancies, on antimitotic chemotherapy, it was demonstrated that the modified whole rat embryo culture model is highly sensitive in distinguishing between normal and embryotoxic human sera. This method of maintaining embryos in culture, was adapted to investigate the differences in the species specific embryopathic properties of valproic acid. This anticonvulsant agent, commonly used during pregnancy, was found to be embryopathic at a lower serum concentration in rats than in humans. The implications of these findings are discussed with a view to investigate potential embryotoxicity of drugs used during human pregnancy. Finally, sera from women with histories of neural tube defect (NTDS) affected pregnancies and those with unexplained recurrent miscarriages were used as a culture medium to investigate serum related environmental embryopathic factors. Experimental work reported in this thesis indicates, that culture of rat conceptuses in appropriately prepared sera from 76 per cent of women with NTD affected pregnancies and 25 per cent of the habitual aborters resulted in an abnormal growth.

No description available.

The 2mum plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an autonomously replicating, multicopy, nuclear DNA plasmid. The plasmid requires both plasmid and host-encoded functions to ensure its stable maintenance. To date, no positive phenotype has been associated with the presence of the 2mum plasmid in the host cell. It is proposed, therefore, that host proteins involved in 2mum plasmid stability will have general DNA maintenance roles within the nucleus. The role of the host in 2mum plasmid replication has been well documented. It has been demonstrated that the 2mum ARS element interacts with host replication proteins in the same way as chromosomal replicator sequences. Prior to this study, host genes involved in replication have been identified by the study of mutants defective in plasmid and minichromosome maintenance. More recently, the host has been implicated in the 2mum plasmid partitioning mechanism. One mutant defective specifically in 2mum plasmid partitioning has been isolated (plm1; plasmid maintenance). This study describes the isolation of four further 2mum plasmid maintenance mutants. These are temperature-sensitive and were shown to represent two complementation groups, plm2 and plm3. Plasmid stability and copy number analyses suggest that plm2 is not defective in the replication of plasmid molecules. Genetic complementation of the plm2 mutation with a genomic library was successfully carried out. PLM2 is a previously unidentified ORF on chromosome IV, 1.6kb in length encoding for a protein of 521 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that PLM2 has a homologue on chromosome XII, also of unknown function. A strain carrying a disrupted allele of plm2 created by integration of a Tn1000::HIS3 cassette is viable. Analysis of the Plm2p sequence demonstrated homology with nuclear proteins involved in DNA binding, either as DNA-directed RNA polymerases or as transcription factors. It is proposed that Plm2p has a general role in DNA maintenance within the yeast nucleus, perhaps as a protein of the nuclear scaffold.

This study investigates the beliefs of United Arab Emirates (UAE) secondary school students about autonomy in learning English. Given the extreme language diversity in the UAE, it is imperative that Emirati citizens excel in English due to its position as the lingua franca of the business and social segments. In second language learning, autonomy is presented as a promising learning construct associated with effective learning (Little, 1999). It is also seen as a multi-faceted theme with psychological and philosophical ramifications, which does not exist in one form or degree (Benson and Lor, 1999). This variation makes it impossible to have one version of autonomy that can be applicable in all contexts. It is accordingly necessary to investigate students’ beliefs about autonomy in their context to understand how they interpret it, the factors that influence practising it, and the possibilities of promoting it from the standpoint of students themselves. Two instruments were used in this study. Focus Group Interviews (FGIs) provided a research instrument to identify students’ representations of autonomy and these were used to devise questionnaire items for subsequent wider use. A Likert-type questionnaire was then applied to investigate the attitudes of a large sample of respondents (523 students) regarding the ideas originating from participants’ contributions in the FGIs. Based on the thematic analysis of data in the FGIs and factor and descriptive analyses of students’ responses to the questionnaire items, it was found that the sociocultural context, economic features, and curricular system all have great impact on students’ understanding of autonomy in their context. The analysis also showed that the form of autonomy exhibited by students is influenced by their linguistic needs and learning agenda. XV Course-oriented autonomy and proficiency-related autonomy are two forms students practise simultaneously in pursuit of learning objectives. The data also showed that the UAE students did not interpret autonomy as synonymous with total detachment or solitude; they believe teachers have facilitating roles in enhancing their autonomy. The discussion of results showed how the concepts of particularity, practicality, and possibility (Kumaravadivelu, 2001) are represented in the UAE setting. The thesis argues that enhancing autonomy requires improving the learning context to allow more opportunities for students to express the autonomy they already have.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 修士 / 修士(理学)

No description available.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 理学博士 / 甲第1682号 / 理博第379号 / 新制||理||218 / 4693 / UT51-51-B3 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学第一専攻 / (主査)教授 富田 和久, 教授 巽 友正, 教授 松原 武生, 教授 恒藤 敏彦 / 学位規則第5条第1項該当

This thesis attempts to offer a reconceptualization of translation analysis. It argues that there is a growing interest in examining translations produced outside the discipline‟s historical field of focus. However, the tools of analysis employed may not have sufficient flexibility to examine translation if it is conceived more broadly. Advocating the use of abductive logic, the thesis infers translators‟ probable understandings of their own actions, and compares these with the reasoning provided by contemporary theories. It finds that it may not be possible to rely on common theories to analyse the work of translators who conceptualize their actions in radically different ways from that traditionally found in translation literature. The thesis exemplifies this issue through the dual examination of Geoffrey Chaucer‟s use of translation in the Canterbury Tales and that of Japanese storytellers in classical Kamigata rakugo. It compares the findings of the discipline‟s most pervasive theories with those gained through an abductive analysis of the same texts, finding that the results produced by the theories are invariably problematic. The thesis demonstrates that understandings of translation practice have been given to change over time, and vary substantially across cultures. Therefore, an individual theory is unlikely to be able to rationalize particular practices or features of translations irrespective of the cultural context in which they are found. Abductive logic aims to describe translations in particular, rather than translation in general. It can be used to infer factors that may have influenced translators‟ understandings of the roles their texts will take, and hence, their aims in translating. Many theories tend to be underpinned by inductive logic, which essentially restricts textual analysis to the application of pre-defined labels of translation phenomena. Abductive logic forms hypotheses based on the context in question, going far beyond this kind of textual categorization.

This thesis analyses the role played by the translation process in the diffusion of some North American radical feminist concepts in Italy and, in particular, focuses on Donne è bello, a volume which has been selected as a case study because of the particularly important role it played within the Italian feminist movement and also because of the particular circumstances of its creation. The introduction (chapter one) states the research questions and briefly explains the reasons that led to the focus on this specific volume. Chapter two focuses on the methodology adopted, which was inspired by Toury's descriptive translation analysis but was also adapted to the needs and characteristics of this research. Chapter three provides some basic historical information regarding the Italian and North American feminist movements. Particular attention is devoted to the second wave of feminism in both countries and to the characteristics that they had in common. Subsequently, chapter four focuses on the Anabasi movement and on the volume Donne è bello, which constitutes the focus of this research. This chapter also provides some unpublished information about the Anabasi collective and about Donne è bello provided by Serena Castaldi, the founder of this group. The second half of this thesis (chapters five, six and seven) concerns the textual analysis of some features of Donne è bello in order to reconstruct the translation process and assess the reception of the translation by Italian readers. In particular, the aspects analysed include the sexual revolution, the role traditionally played by women in society and the practice of consciousness-raising, which had great importance for Italian feminists. Finally, chapter eight summarizes the results of the research and provides answers to the research questions raised in the introduction.