In this thesis, an interactional perspective will be taken as the main spirit to explore the functionality of conversational CS. The research will be based on the TV discussion programmes collected from Taiwan. It is found that the loci of CS are tightly correlated with its surrounding contexts such as discourse, code and participants to arrive at locally-situated meanings. Based on such findings, I have proposed three types of CS in terms of its interaction with the contextual configurations: discourse-related CS, code-related CS and participant-related CS. Four basic functions of CS can be inferred from the above findings; they are amplification, contrasting, shifting, framing and differentiation. It is argued that these functions may derive from the features of CS itself: the contrastive codes, the act of switching and the act of marking. An attempt is also made to re-examine intrasentential CS from functional and facilitative perspectives. It is argued that CS is employed by speakers to highlight the implicational meanings of an utterance, a global connection to negate with a prior discussion, or the underlying contradiction between social and self expectations. Besides, the switch sites where CS occurs within a sentence are actually very- flexible, depending on the purposes and communicative effects intended to achieve in each interactive exchange. Reiteration, lexical triggering and force of contrast can best account for such a facilitation process. CS may be creatively deployed by speakers to highlight the pragmatic function/meaning of dui/tioh, tags and metalanguaging phrases, which meanwhile weaken their inherent referential meanings. From the way how CS arrives at locally-situated meanings in conversational exchanges, speakers' intentionality of language alternation can thus be detected. By means of CS, speakers intend to contextualise the upcoming speech activity by relating the current talk to the prior talk or knowledge; in so doing, the interpretations of an utterance or a stretch of talk can thus be constrained and ambiguity can also be avoided. Speakers also intend to solve a potential or an emergent problem caused by either turn-taking rules or personal confrontation, to signal the marginality of metacognitive activities from the main discourse, or to enhance communicative efficiency in internal structuring such as narrative, argumentation and side remarks. Hearers tend to display their willingness for cooperation and participation in the proceeding talk by complying with the code choice made by the current speaker. At last, by repositioning the role of CS in interaction, a procedural model regarding the production and interpretation of CS is then preliminarily proposed.

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Language control studies generally and specifically on bilingualism has been studied by many researchers in different disciplines and on many languages. Although Cattell started the psychological research on bilingualism as early as 1887, there are really scarce studies that have exclusively investigated the language control on Arabic bilinguals. This thesis examines two important aspects of bilingual language control: language switching and word translation, which are two situations where bilinguals must be able to "release" inhibition applied to a previously used language. It reports nine experiments that investigate language switching in Arabic- English adult bilinguals in four tasks: object naming, word reading, digit naming, and word (and digit) translation: In each experiment, there were four main conditions: (a) Non-switch L1 (L1-then-L1); (b) Non-switch L2 (L2- then-L2); (c) Switch L1 (L2-theri-L1); and (d) Switch L2 (Ll-then-L2). Language switch costs were found in all experiments, and the magnitudes of these effects varied with the nature of the task: they were larger for naming objects (which are bivalent stimuli) than for reading aloud words and naming digits (which for Arabic-English bilinguals are univalent stimuli), and were larger for translating words and for producing translation equivalent names of a repeated object. However, the switch costs generally were similar for L2-to-L1 and L1-to-L2 switching. The results are interpreted within the inhibitory control model (Green, 1998), but suggest that inhibition is applied "locally" to the lexical representations of competing responses rather than "globally" to a language as a whole.

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This study explores the spatial-temporal patterns of Section 404 permitting program under the Clean Water Act and examines its impact on mean and peak annual streamflow. The study area consists of 47 sub-basins that are delineated based on USGS streamflow gauges. These sub-basins span from the southern portion of coastal Texas to the easternmost portion of coastal Texas. Descriptive, spatial and spatial-temporal statistical methods are used to explore patterns in Section 404 permitting between 1996 and 2003. The effects of Section 404 permit types on mean and peak annual streamflow over the same 8 year period are also statistically modeled with a host of other relevant control variables. Exploratory analyses of Section 404 permits demonstrated characteristics that were indicative of suburban and, to a larger extent, exurban development. Explanatory analyses of the effects of Section 404 permitting on mean and peak streamflow showed that Section 404 permits increase both measures. These increases were minimal on a per-permit basis but have the ability to accumulate over time and result in much larger increases. Section 404 permits also displayed an ordered effect based on the permit type. Permit types that represent larger impacts had larger effects. The effects of permits of streamflow followed a descending pattern of Individual permits, Letters of Permission, Nationwide permits, and General permits. This “type of permit impact” supports the use of this measure as an indicator of wetland impact and loss and corroborates previous studies that have incorporated this measure.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia / Seminario de Grado : Sociedad y política en el mundo greco-romano

Herrschen erfolgt nicht ausschließlich durch Terror und Gewalt, sondern auch durch die Verführung der Masse anhand der Inszenierung von Macht, denn Legitimität erwächst nicht allein aus Zwang, sondern verlangt ihrerseits die Akzeptanz der Masse, die eine gewisse Stabilität für die auf Dauer angelegte Diktatur garantiert. Aus diesem Grund setzten Diktatoren außerhalb der Gewaltsphäre weltweit auf wohlkalkulierte spektakuläre Masseninszenierungen, die die Sinne und die Emotionen in starkem Maß mittelbar und unmittelbar ansprachen. Nichtsdestotrotz ist die Neigung zum Spektakel keine Besonderheit der Diktaturen; vielmehr verschmähen auch demokratische Politiker den Reiz des Populismus nicht und nutzen dessen Strategien der Inszenierung, um Emotionen zu evozieren und sich als Helfer in der Not zu verkaufen. Sowohl Beispiele aus der Geschichte als auch solche aus der aktuellen Politik zeigen jeweils, wie der Populismus sich des Spektakels bedient, um Menschen zu verführen. Sich stützend auf Emotionalisierung definieren Populisten Freunde und Feinde, variieren dabei alte Stereotypen und Verschwörungstheorien, um ihre Rollen zu legitimieren. Und genau diese Strategie wird von der AfD verfolgt, um sich als Alternative zum bestehenden System und dessen Vertretern zu inszenieren. Deswegen gilt dieses Buch als Appell, aus der Geschichte zu lernen und dem Populismus entgegenzustehen. Dies betrifft nicht nur Deutschland, sondern auch Tunesien, in dem der Populismus blüht bzw. herrscht, denn der Aufstieg des Populismus führt zur Errichtung einer Diktatur und gefährdet die junge Demokratie erneut, von der das tunesische Volk seit dem ›Arabischen Frühling‹ träumt.