This discussion examines just intonation, the Pythagorean scale and equal temperament in relation to string playing and explores ways that intervals from these systems of temperament can be used to enhance the acoustic and expressive qualities of an unaccompanied performance on viola.

The decision to research motivation through repertoire in intermediate cellists arose from two different perceived areas of need. Firstly, it was found that there was a scarcity of availability and accessibility of Australian compositions for intermediate cellists. Secondly, the literature suggested that there was a need for the further research of intrinsic motivation in the field of instrumental pedagogy. A review of the literature found that research into intrinsic motivation in instrumental pedagogy was mostly related to the 'process' of developing and maintaining motivation. Of the research which examined the aspect of 'content' in the maintenance of intrinsic motivation, this was mostly related to 'student choice'. This study emerged as a way of providing information to composers and teachers about what aspects of repertoire may be motivational. It investigates intrinsic motivation by questioning students and their teachers about which aspects of music repertoire are most likely to inspire students to practice more and strive for excellence. A discussion of the philosophies of Bruner and Csikszentmihalyi is included to give meaning and context to 'intrinsic motivation' in instrumental pedagogy. Research was conducted through purpose-designed questionnaires distributed to cello teachers and their students in Queensland. Questionnaires for teachers and students were very similar although the student questionnaire was a little shorter. The questionnaires gathered information on the most frequently used general teaching repertoire, as well as teachers’ experiences in teaching contemporary and Australian repertoire. Musical aspects investigated included style, emotional content, harmony, articulation, tempo (speed), tonality, and rhythm as well as cellistic techniques. This information was balanced with questions regarding the technical developmental requirements perceived necessary for intermediate students. In comparison with other motivators such as verbal encouragement, ensemble participation and preparation for performances and exams, repertoire was found to be a significant motivator for 'students' best work'. Students' preference for challenging music, or by contrast, beautiful music was a persistent theme throughout the results. The three characteristics which were nominated as most motivating by both teachers and students were fast and lively, from the Romantic period and for cello and piano. The strongest difference between results for teachers and students was on the characteristic of folk feel which produced opposite results for the two groups of respondents. Some differences were also found within the respondent groups on the basis of gender and age. It is noted that students acknowledged the benefits of learning more advanced aspects of technique, such as thumb position, in expanding the pool of repertoire which they would be able to play. It was confirmed that Australian repertoire was not often taught to students at this level and that this was, at least in part, because of a lack of availability. Suggestions have been made for both composers and teachers in choosing techniques and repertoire for intermediate students. However, the importance of asking students about their preferences is borne out by the volume and detail of students' individual responses. Also, by questioning their students, teachers are likely to be stimulating the valued development of 'metacognitive strategies' in adolescent students.

The purpose of this critical commentary is to explore the concept of the composerperformer relationship. In order to do so, it will consider some famous composer-violinist partnerships, which have produced repertoire reflecting both musicians’ contribution - Johannes Brahms and Josef Joachim, Dmitri Shostakovich and David Oistrakh, and Alfred Schnittke and Gidon Kremer. In addition, the commentary also seeks to ground itself in my own experience, and document the process of commissioning and performing a solo work for violin. It explores the relationship between composer Joseph Twist and myself as a violinist, specifically relating to the work performed in my final recital in March 2005, and allows me to experience first hand the composer-performer dynamic and compare my experience with those I have researched.

The purpose of this critical commentary is to explore the concept of the composerperformer relationship. In order to do so, it will consider some famous composer-violinist partnerships, which have produced repertoire reflecting both musicians’ contribution - Johannes Brahms and Josef Joachim, Dmitri Shostakovich and David Oistrakh, and Alfred Schnittke and Gidon Kremer. In addition, the commentary also seeks to ground itself in my own experience, and document the process of commissioning and performing a solo work for violin. It explores the relationship between composer Joseph Twist and myself as a violinist, specifically relating to the work performed in my final recital in March 2005, and allows me to experience first hand the composer-performer dynamic and compare my experience with those I have researched.

Conservatoria in the past provided prospective musicians with training in performance, generally in the classical Western European tradition. Most of them were independent of universities, free from academic constraints, focused on performance, flexible in their practice, and desirous of (yet susceptible to) high profile individual leadership. The last two decades in particular have generated significant change, placing conservatoria under increasing pressure from new challenges. Now confronting those shifting boundaries which have reshaped the artistic climate and organisational environment, many are also compelled to broaden access whilst meeting the challenge of reduced government subsidy. New higher education policies and declining resources have caused the relocation of many conservatoria into the university sector, most particularly (but not exclusively) in Australia and the USA. This development has resulted in new systems of governance and different expectations of both the conservatorium and its leaders. Thus government policy impacts on the potential shape of the conservatorium. Changing funding structures in higher education and the arts further complicate the influence government policy might have on conservatoria. For autonomous conservatoria, government arts and education policies directly effect institutional policy and financial stability. Where conservatoria exist within universities, a domino effect devolves the impact of higher education policy to internal units like the conservatorium. Compounding these circumstances is the reality that traditional performance is diminishing in social relevance and the professions into which future music graduates will move are now more diverse than ever before and clearly less dependent solely on conventional music training. Consequently contemporary conservatorium leaders now confront a different, less compliant musical environment. Decisions made by these leaders have the potential to impact well beyond conservatorium walls. Therefore, for those conservatoria which have evolved as part of the cultural infrastructure of their respective communities, internal conservatorium choices may obscure the broader ramifications these choices have for the wider community. From inside the university sector, some conservatoria are challenged to give priority to the needs of the university community, with resultant effects on their individual conservatorium characters. The time-honoured preference for conservatorium leaders to be renowned musicians does not necessarily meet all of the contemporary criteria relevant to the role. Traditionally, leaders in conservatoria were selected for their artistic profile, ostensibly to enhance that of the institution. As spokespersons and figureheads of their institutions, leaders once made more artistic considerations and connections than strategic decisions. Whereas in years past they may have maintained high profile roles as conductors, performers, composers, or musicologists, now leaders are expected to provide varying degrees of artistic direction, academic leadership, curriculum design, administration, financial management, facilities management, event production, marketing, public relations, and community liaison. These diverse roles make an external career unrealistic for most. This dissertation examines the challenges confronting conservatoria as they appear through the eyes of conservatorium leaders around the world. By analysing the leaders’ comments in parallel with surveys, case examples, and documentary research, I aim to develop an understanding of the impact these challenges have on conservatoria and those who lead them. Through continual reporting of the emerging results back to the field during the period of the research, I build on their credibility, shedding light on those policies which both shape the conservatorium condition and elicit resilience among some who lead them. The thesis argues that each conservatorium is distinctive, and that the challenges confronting a conservatorium must be viewed in the light of its specific, often unique context. Among conservatoria, uniqueness emerges from the common ground that all such institutions share: within the context of conservatorium family resemblances, it may be that one conservatorium has a mix of quite distinctive attributes or conditions. It is that idiosyncratic set of circumstances shaping each institutional environment which generates this uniqueness, making generalisations problematical and inappropriate to the conservatorium condition. Each context is further complicated by constant change which is both evolutionary and imposed. For these reasons, there is no single profile fitting a conservatorium leader. Rather, leadership style needs to align to shifting circumstances, which implies that conservatorium leaders need to understand how to adjust their approach to leadership as the individual setting evolves. The argument is consistent with the findings that purposive preparation is crucial for leaders of contemporary conservatoria, to give them the diversity of skills required for the role and the flexibility necessary to adapt to changing circumstances. Because a conservatorium has the potential to be part of the cultural infrastructure of the community in which it resides, these conditions carry implications which extend beyond the conservatorium and have the capacity to impact on future generations. The conservatorium culture implies natural intersections with the community through the provision of performance and teaching services. Conservatorium facilities in their turn become part of the repertoire of community performance and recording resources. The extent to which this relationship might develop relies on each conservatorium’s perception of its place within its own community, and each leader’s interpretation of this positioning. A leader who places emphasis on external relationships might embed the institution within the community, socially and culturally. This combined understanding of the institution’s role within the community is a significant factor in the realisation of each conservatorium’s individual potential.

This discussion examines just intonation, the Pythagorean scale and equal temperament in relation to string playing and explores ways that intervals from these systems of temperament can be used to enhance the acoustic and expressive qualities of an unaccompanied performance on viola.

The decision to research motivation through repertoire in intermediate cellists arose from two different perceived areas of need. Firstly, it was found that there was a scarcity of availability and accessibility of Australian compositions for intermediate cellists. Secondly, the literature suggested that there was a need for the further research of intrinsic motivation in the field of instrumental pedagogy. A review of the literature found that research into intrinsic motivation in instrumental pedagogy was mostly related to the 'process' of developing and maintaining motivation. Of the research which examined the aspect of 'content' in the maintenance of intrinsic motivation, this was mostly related to 'student choice'. This study emerged as a way of providing information to composers and teachers about what aspects of repertoire may be motivational. It investigates intrinsic motivation by questioning students and their teachers about which aspects of music repertoire are most likely to inspire students to practice more and strive for excellence. A discussion of the philosophies of Bruner and Csikszentmihalyi is included to give meaning and context to 'intrinsic motivation' in instrumental pedagogy. Research was conducted through purpose-designed questionnaires distributed to cello teachers and their students in Queensland. Questionnaires for teachers and students were very similar although the student questionnaire was a little shorter. The questionnaires gathered information on the most frequently used general teaching repertoire, as well as teachers’ experiences in teaching contemporary and Australian repertoire. Musical aspects investigated included style, emotional content, harmony, articulation, tempo (speed), tonality, and rhythm as well as cellistic techniques. This information was balanced with questions regarding the technical developmental requirements perceived necessary for intermediate students. In comparison with other motivators such as verbal encouragement, ensemble participation and preparation for performances and exams, repertoire was found to be a significant motivator for 'students' best work'. Students' preference for challenging music, or by contrast, beautiful music was a persistent theme throughout the results. The three characteristics which were nominated as most motivating by both teachers and students were fast and lively, from the Romantic period and for cello and piano. The strongest difference between results for teachers and students was on the characteristic of folk feel which produced opposite results for the two groups of respondents. Some differences were also found within the respondent groups on the basis of gender and age. It is noted that students acknowledged the benefits of learning more advanced aspects of technique, such as thumb position, in expanding the pool of repertoire which they would be able to play. It was confirmed that Australian repertoire was not often taught to students at this level and that this was, at least in part, because of a lack of availability. Suggestions have been made for both composers and teachers in choosing techniques and repertoire for intermediate students. However, the importance of asking students about their preferences is borne out by the volume and detail of students' individual responses. Also, by questioning their students, teachers are likely to be stimulating the valued development of 'metacognitive strategies' in adolescent students.

This qualitative study critically examines the researcher’s music therapy clinical practice with a preschool child with global developmental delay. The researcher/student music therapist critically examined and refined her clinical practice using an action research model. Each cycle consisted of a plan, action, data collection, reflection, and analysis. The researcher was the main participant. The child, his mother and a speech-language therapist were co-participants with different roles. The child and his mother participated in the sessions. The speech-language therapist observed three sessions through a window. Feedback from the child’s mother and the speech-language therapist contributed to the reflective data. Important issues that developed through the cycles related to early intervention techniques (having fun, being playful and spontaneous, and being in close proximity). Other important issues that developed were, the use of the voice and guitar; confidence; professionalism with parents and other health professionals; self-awareness; and the understanding of early childhood development (especially in the area of communication). Related literature on aspects of music therapy practice, music therapy in early intervention, music therapy and communication, and action research are described. These results cannot be generalised. However, they may firstly, illustrate relevant trends in early intervention, and secondly, enable the researcher to adapt skills learnt to use in future practice in early intervention

This arts-based research thesis sought to understand two children with special needs, through their musical offerings within the context of their music therapy sessions. The process of understanding the children came through firstly listening to and extracting meaningful musical data from recordings of their sessions. This data included both actual excerpts of the musical interplays between the child and music therapist (myself), and more broadly, underlying themes drawn from the recorded session material. The data was then creatively ‘melded’, resulting in two original instrumental works, herein referred to as 'songs'. Before, during and after writing the songs, rigorous analyses were undertaken utilising both a formal approach, via the use of a contextual question framework, and two creative approaches: free-form narration and data-led imagery. The contextual question framework, involving the repetitive use of two key questions - where? and why? - sought to understand the data’s context, its purpose for inclusion, and its influence on the respective song. One of the creative approaches, that of free-form narration, sought to, rather than analysing the song through formal structures, instead ‘tell the song’s story’, narratively conveying the experience of being with the child in his music. The other creative approach, that of data-led imagery, involved creating images during and after being ‘immersed’ in the musical data, employing instinctive or subconscious means to further develop the therapist’s understanding of the child’s musical offerings, and moreover, the child himself. Upon completion of the two songs, it was discovered that clinical themes present from the sessions strongly influenced the song creation process. Results also strongly supported the validity of arts-based research as a viable means of analysing music created with children with special needs.

In the nineteenth century considerable ambiguities arose regarding sacred and secular categories in music. Although such ambiguities have often been discussed in relation to the mass, this study uses the genre of the lied - in particular, Dvořák's Biblical Songs - as a means of examining the interaction between these categories. The problems inherent in the idea of 'sacred lieder' are discussed, including case studies of Schubert's 'Die Allmacht' and Wolf's 'Nun wandre, Maria' from the Spanisches Liederbuch. The Biblical Songs are located within Dvořák's biography, to show the great extent to which they were a reflection of his personal situation. In-depth analysis of the music and texts of the songs, both individually and as a cycle, reveals that they are representative of a point of interaction between secular lieder for concert performance, and devotional lieder for a domestic context. A comparison with Brahms and his Four Serious Songs reveals two very different responses to biblical texts: whereas Brahm's solution places emphasis on secular love, Dvořák's songs show a progression from doubt and confusion about God through to faith and rejoicing. Furthermore, whereas the Four Serious Songs demonstrate a highly individualistic solution to the pessimism expressed earlier in the cycle, Dvořák's use of folk idioms at key locations in the Biblical Songs places emphasis on communality and tradition. However, the cycle also reveals a more complex expression of faith than is often assumed of Dvořák.