There are two basic assumptions that initiated this study. The first is that Hausa proverbs, as is so often the case with many other African oral traditions, are highly abundant in poetic elements. The second is that these poetic elements can be identified and described in a systematic literary manner. The main thesis starts from a discussion of the notion of quantitative balance and bipartite structure. Hausa proverbs are normally bipartite in form and many aesthetic connotations arise from this. This will be the main thrust of Chapter 2. What follows this initial discussion is the analysis of proverbial syntax, which is the main task of Chapter 3. The particular concern addressed here is that quantitative balance is so basic a feature in Hausa proverbs that varied syntactic features are often intimately involved in enhancing it: the deleting, retaining, frontshifting, genitivising or inserting pressure upon a grammatical or lexical element can be connected to the issue of the quantitative balance. Not only does the bipartite structure produce the hypothesis of quantitative balance, but it also operates as a structural frame on which phonological balance and cohesion derived from inter-section phonological correspondence can be superimposed. As quantitative balance is often enhanced in terms of various syntactic devices, so is the phonological balance and cohesion. It is this that characterises Chapter 4. The remainder of the thesis, i.e. Chapter 5, takes up the discussion of syntactic balance due to syntactic parallelism whose realisation would also be impossible without the postulation of the notion of bipartite structure. However. this thesis addresses another issue: the definition of the proverb. It is a generally well-known fact that the proverb is the shortest form of verbal art, but the most difficult genre of oral literature to define. As a student of oral literature, I am also interested in this topic. Thus, Chapter 1 deals with the definition of the proverb through a new approach, i.e. contextual approach. Finally, I attach two appendices at the back of the thesis. Appendix 1 lists extra examples to provide more support for the arguments in the main discussion. Appendix 2 covers all the examples presented in both the main discussion and appendix 1, listing them alphabetically. Thus cross-reference may be an advantage that these two appendices can provide.

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This study is concerned with the different properties of Hausa attributive adjectives and other noun modifiers when they occur before or after the nouns they modify. It also attempts to account for the fact that the relevant ordering rules for such modifiers apply in pre-position but not in post-position. The study is divided into seven chapters. Chapter One discusses the scope as well as the general aims of the study and the sources of the data examined. Chapter Two examines the question of the status of adjectives as a separate lexical category in Hausa in view of the disagreement or uncertainty regarding this question in the literature, and its implications for our purpose in this thesis. Chapter Three deals with the experimental techniques adopted and some of the results obtained when we sought to determine whether other native speakers are also conscious of significant differences in the semantic interpretation of adjectives in pre- and postposition. In Chapter Four the formal and semantic properties of pre-position and post-position are examined. It is claimed that the difference in their formal properties has as its semantic correlate the different associations which adjectives in the two positions have; pre-position is associated with more explicit modification then post-position. So the two positions are analysed as paradigmatically opposed. Chapter Five deals with the question of adjective ordering. It is argued that adjective ordering is conditioned more by semantic than by any other factors. Evidence in support of this position is provided by the responses of our informants in the Preference and Completion Tests. In Chapter Six other (non-adjectival) noun modifiers are discussed and a syntactic typology to cover them suggested. In conclusion it is shown in Chapter Seven that our approach is valid not only with respect to Adjectives but also to other problems of Hausa.

This thesis sets out to examine a number of linguistic topoi from Ramesside Egypt which are utilised to express an understanding of divine interaction with humanity. In order to assess each of these topoi, the methodologies and axioms of the fields of Pragmatics and Cognitive linguistics are employed. Previously, theoretical insights from both of these fields have not been applied fully to Egyptian texts of a religious nature. Through the in depth examination of these topoi, this thesis aims to foster a greater comprehension of the ways in which individuals during this period understood divine interaction and how this understanding was figured in rhetorical devices. The selected corpus dates from the Amarna period to the start of the Third Intermediate period and includes royal and private monuments, as well as hieratic material. The inclusion of examples from a variety of language registers and genres allows for a wider assessment of each theme. The introduction presents the dataset and discusses the individual sources. This section also presents the theoretical backgrounds of Pragmatics and Cognitive Linguistics, as well as discussing potential cross-cultural variances. Chapter 1 deals with the topoi of the “hand” and the “arm(s)” of the divine. The phrase “the hand of god” is highly familiar to western thought, and this chapter assesses the use of Drt “hand” and a(wy) “arm(s)” in relation to the divine. Though both lexemes have been regularly translated as “hand”, in reality both lexemes function as separate idioms, appearing in separate contexts concurrently within a number of sources. Drt “hand” represents a close and palpable interaction with human characters whereas a(wy) “arm(s)” is used to describe the control of more distant, abstract concepts. As both lexemes are frequently utilised a part of compound prepositions, the issue of grammaticalization is also addressed, and to what extent they are semantically meaningful within such constructions. Chapter 2 assesses the use of the verbs “come” and “go” in relation to divine motion. As deictic verbs of motion, which encode egocentric information, they may only be understood in terms of the speaker and their worldview, and the application of such verbs illustrates how the divine are perceived within their movement. When a positive interaction is iterated, the verb “come” is utilised in order to place focus upon the individual as GOAL (deictic centre) of the movement. Within the gathered corpus, the divine do not “go”. Instead, when expressing negative interaction “come” is negated or the divine movement is described as rotational (i.e. “turning” as opposed to a movement from/towards the individual). Each interaction is described in the same manner as human interactions and is highly attentional. A number of instances also show elements of presupposition of divine interaction when requested. Chapter 3 examines instances in which individuals describe “finding” or having “found” the divine. From analysis of the participant roles within the utterances as well as a contextual analysis, it is clear that the divine are viewed as real world, interactive characters. In all the instances examined gm(i) is used to express perceptual discovery. Each of the studies shows a linguistic understanding of a highly interactive divine. Each expression is couched in the same rhetoric as human interactions and is highly rooted in the perception of the individual speaker/writer/composer.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第15031号 / 社医博第28号 / 新制||社医||6(附属図書館) / 27492 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 木原 正博, 教授 福原 俊一, 教授 吉原 博幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第15032号 / 社医博第29号 / 新制||社医||6(附属図書館) / 27493 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 今中 雄一, 教授 中原 俊隆, 教授 松田 文彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第15277号 / 社医博第30号 / 新制||社医||6(附属図書館) / 27755 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 小池 薫, 教授 福原 俊一, 教授 福田 和彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第15278号 / 社医博第31号 / 新制||社医||6(附属図書館) / 27756 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 川村 孝, 教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 松林 公蔵 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第15279号 / 社医博第32号 / 新制||社医||6(附属図書館) / 27757 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 中原 俊隆, 教授 五十嵐 樹彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第15608号 / 社医博第33号 / 新制||社医||6(附属図書館) / 28135 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 吉原 博幸, 教授 中原 俊隆, 教授 川上 浩司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当