本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(薬学) / 乙第8268号 / 論薬博第485号 / 新制||薬||154(附属図書館) / UT51-93-R54 / (主査)教授 佐藤 公道, 教授 市川 厚, 教授 河合 明彦 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当

本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(薬学) / 乙第8270号 / 論薬博第487号 / 新制||薬||154(附属図書館) / UT51-93-R56 / (主査)教授 中川 照眞, 教授 宮嶋 孝一郎, 教授 川嵜 敏祐 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当

本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬学) / 甲第5690号 / 薬博第338号 / 新制||薬||157(附属図書館) / UT51-94-J122 / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科製薬化学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 信孝, 教授 別所 清, 教授 藤多 哲朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to test hypotheses about cultural evolution in ethnolinguistic groups from the Austronesian language family of the Pacific. The case for quantitative statistical approaches to the empirical evolution of linguistic and cultural features was presented. Phylogenetic trees of 67 Austronesian languages were constructed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo likelihood algorithms on a database of lexical items. The predominant transmission mode of 76 cultural traits was examined at the macroevolutionary level with (i) partial Mantel matrix tests and (ii) multiple regression on phylogenetic and geographic nearest neighbours. Mantel tests showed that both geographic and phylogenetic transmission was correlated with cultural diversity. Geographic distance had a greater overall partial correlation with cultural distance than did phylogenetic distance, but only phylogenetic correlations were found with kinship/social traits. Multiple regression on individual traits found that phylogenetic nearest neighbours predicted more cultural traits, especially those involving the inheritance of resources. Ancestral states of kinship traits were reconstructed using a Bayesian comparative method on a sample of 1000 phylogenies. The root of the tree was reconstructed as having matrilocal post-marital residence and a bilateral, flexible descent system. Proto Oceanic was reconstructed as unilocal and unilineal, and an hypothesis of matriliny and matrilocality could not be rejected. Murdock's main-sequence theory of the co-evolution of post-marital residence and descent systems was tested. The most likely model of the evolutionary pathway demonstrated that residence changed before descent. Rates of change in residence and descent traits were estimated. A co-evolutionary hypothesis of matriliny and male absence was tested. Contrary to anthropological theory, a high dependence on fishing showed no clear pattern of co-evolution with matrilineal social organisation. Population size of the language community was hypothesized to be a factor influencing lexical change. Conventional statistics showed a significant strong inverse correlation, indicating a relationship between small populations and accelerated lexical change. This correlation disappeared when comparative methods were used to control for phylogeny. Population size appeared to be evolving according to a drift model, while lexical change did not fit a neutral model of evolution.

This PhD thesis explores language attitudes and ideologies among migrant students of Basque in the Basque Autonomous Community of Spain. I aim to explore the contexts of language attitude formation in interaction, and how these attitudes in turn, reflect the underlying ideological indexicalities that contribute to the creation of social categories. The processes of attitude construction and ideologies that guide them are then influential and consequential for group identity formation, for instance, when migrant learners position themselves on the scale of belonging to ‘Basqueness’ understood as a group identity. In this project I analyse three areas in which this influence of ideologies on attitudes and identity construction was found particularly significant and consequential for migrant learners of Basque: the construction of space in which Basque group identity is embedded and based on Basque resources subjected to processes of scalar evaluation; the construction of authenticity in relation to speakers, language and spaces; as well as in the construction of Basque language as resources convertible into economic capital. All these three areas show that essentialist and constructionist discourses on minoritised languages and group identity intertwine in the representations of social categories, such as migrants, language, language speaker. This has consequences on the extent to which migrant learners position and identify themselves as belonging to ‘Basqueness’. This project is ethnographically oriented and the data comes from observations and participation in Basque classes for adult migrants, interviews with class participants and interviews with other Basque learners at various language centres throughout the Basque Autonomous Community, as well as from Basque public institutions’ publications with language course descriptions and campaigns directed at migrant Basque learners.

In this thesis we deal with the problems involved in the adoption of Malay as the language of national unity in Indonesia and its later development and use as the official state language of the Republic. In order to tackle the issues in a socio-linguistic perspective, we also undertake a brief survey of the study of language in general with a special, emphasis on discussions of the problems of language in society. Indonesian is not the mother tongue of the great majority of the population. As a matter of fact, the number of those who speak it as their native language is very small. However, the nationalist elite groups took drastic and revolutionary action to impose it on the entire Indonesian people. Although Malay had been in use as a lingua franca, especially in nationalist circles, it was the Japanese Military Government during the occupation period that decreed its wider employment and functions as a medium of official communication. Since Independence the language has been used as a medium of instruction not only in schools but also at the universities. The adoption of Indonesian as the sole official state language is characterised by apparent absence of linguistic conflicts, but language planners have been confronted with great problems. The relationship between Indonesian and the many regional languages has been clearly defined by government regulations. However, problems relating to this official arrangement are complicated and have not yet been solved. We have discussed here some aspects of the interaction of language, politics, religion, and ethnic affiliations. A great number of extra-linguistic factors have been instrumental in transforming linguistic situations in the archipelago. The historic adoption of Malay as the language of unity has had far-reaching implications.

The thesis aims to provide a set of Basic Structures for the description of Malay Syntax. Further substructures could be set up for a more delicate description of a part or the whole of the language. A basic framework for Standard may be set up with the units Morpheme, Word, Phrase, Clause and Sentence. Morphemes are described as bound and free. The affixes are bound morphemes and may be prefixes or suffixes or simultaneously operating prefix and suffix. A small inventory of prefixes does service for a number of syntactic and semantic purposes. The distinction between prefix and prepositional particle is made. There are cases however in which the distinction cannot be too sharply held. A few prepositional phrases can take the affix t?r- as though they were adjectives. Such are however restricted lexically. Some prefixes are homophonous with directional particles. Words in Malay are conveniently divided into two main groups, namely, Particles and Pull words. In the word-class scheme these arc called Particles and Non-particles respectively. Particles form a closed class and are small in number. Non-particles forming the main bulk of the lexicon, are divisible into classes the two main of which are Nominals and Verbals. These undergo the morphological processes of Affixation and Duplication, sometimes derivational and sometimes inflectional. Three types of Phrases are described - Nominal, Verbal and Prepositional The structure of the Nominal Phrase is of special interest in that it allows of the use as exponent of Q in its structure, almost all members of the Verbal class or their syntactic equivalent, most of which are capable also of being exponent of P in clause structure. Among the syntactic equivalents of the verb are certain Prepositional phrases. The prepositional phrase may be divided into groups according to the preposed particle. The prepositional phrase with oleh is part of the diagnostic test for the passive clause. In the verb system the two main categories of Transitive and Intransitive have been set up for Standard Malay. These do not correlate with the categories of Passive and Non-passive which are set up as inflections of the verb. Two forms of Passive are described one with prefixed di- and one with prefixed ter-. The passive with prefixed ter- is found both in Transitive and Intransitive verbs but the passive with di- is found only with Transitive verbs. An inflectional opposition is set up for the Transitive verbs between ms(~)- and O prefixed forms. Two types of clause are recognised in Standard Malay, namely the verbal clause in which the P element in structure has as its exponent a verb or its syntactic equivalent, and the Nominal clause in which the exponent of P is a noun or its syntactic equivalent. The two relations of Co-ordination and Subordination are described. In clause relations these may be effected with particle alone or with particle and transformation; without particle, or without particle but with transformation. The included clause is a feature of Standard Malay. Such downgraded clauses may operate in more than one position in clause structure.

The title of the thesis is the name for a method devised to describe the different uses of tense forms in Tonga. Tense forms may be said to have different functions and time references depending on their position in the sentence or discourse. The starting point for the description of the function and time reference of the tense form is its use in simple statements and questions. When data from a wider context was examined it proved necessary to allow a number of different time references and functions to several tense forms. In some instances, the function, in non-initiating position, could be described as an aspect of its use in initiating position, in others, however, there appeared to be an even more radical difference of function and time reference. In the case of the Subjunctive or Dependent forms, when used in subsidiary or non-initiating position, these are describeable as narrative forms, here termed 'bridging' since they indicate that one action is terminated and another is about to take place. Since these forms are never used in initiating position the term 'Fixed Function Subsidiarity' has been coined to describe their use. In addition, such forms as nomino-verbals, e.g., the infinitives, which are not morphologically marked for person or tense, must sometimes be interpreted as having a tense function in discourse. Subject and tense markers, are, in these cases, understood to be the same as those of the controlling tense form. Tonga use of the many tense forms of the language and the multiple application of some particular tense forms has been described in terms of Control and Subsidiarity. In this method of description non-initiating or subsidiary tense forms within a sentence or discourse are described as dependent for their time reference and function on.;tense form controlling the sentence or discourse. A control may be of two kinds: (1) setting up a time reference relative to the speaker and listener, or (2) providing a framework within which the non-initiating tanse form or nomino-verbal functions.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(薬学) / 乙第12577号 / 論薬博第759号 / 新制||薬||231(附属図書館) / 28962 / (主査)教授 竹本 佳司, 教授 川端 猛夫, 教授 掛谷 秀昭 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(薬学) / 乙第12578号 / 論薬博第760号 / 新制||薬||231(附属図書館) / 28963 / (主査)教授 二木 史朗, 教授 掛谷 秀昭, 教授 石濱 泰 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当