La première étude systématique de la théorie des modèles positive était faite par Ben Yaacov qui a proposé une approche uniforme aux travaux précurseurs accomplis indépendamment par Robinson, Shelah, Hrushovski et Pillay avec un souci croissant d'incorporer les techniques modernes de la théorie des modèles dans le contexte des logiques réduites. Ben Yaacov et Poizat dans leur travail intitulé Fondements de la logique positive ont défini un nouveau cadre pour la théorie des modèles positive, qui détermine le contexte de cette thèse. Dans le premier chapitre nous rappelons les outils de la théorie des modèle positive et nous développons des notions et des outils qui nous seront utiles dans le reste des chapitres. Parmi ceux-ci, il convient de souligner les extensions universelles. Elles caractérisent les bases d'amalgamation dans le deuxième chapitre, et sont cruciales dans la construction des domaines universels positifs. Dans le deuxième chapitre nous étudions la notion d'amalgamation qui s'avère centrale dans la théorie des modèles positive. Elle nous permettra d'étudier la conservation de la séparation topologique entre les extensions élémentaires positives, et de caractériser les théories de Robinson et l'élimination des quanteurs dans certaines classes des structures. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous continuons l'étude de la stabilité positive déjà entamée par Ben Yaacov, et nous en proposons une nouvelle caractérisation par une notion d'ordre propre à la théorie des modèles positive / The first systematic study of positive model theory was introduced by Ben Yaacov, where he proposed a uniform approach to works accomplished independently by Robinson, Shelah, Hrushovski and Pillay, our aim is to incorporate modern technics of model theory in the context of positive logic. The work of Ben Yaacov and Poizat entitled foundations of positive logic defined a new framework of the positive model theory, which determines the context of this thesis. In the first chapter we review the tools of the theory of positive model and we develop concepts and tools that we will be useful in the remaining chapters. One of these concepts is the universal extensions, they characterize the bases amalgamation in the second chapter, and it's crucial in the construction of the positive universal domains. In the second chapter we study the notion of amalgamation which is central in the positive models theory. It will allow us to study the conservation of topologic separation between the positives elementary extensions, and characterize the theories of Robinson and quantifier elimination in some classes of structures. In the third chapter, we continue the study of positive stability which is already initiated by Ben Yaacov, and we propose a new characterization of order property which is specific to the positive models theory

This thesis is concerned with aspects of the model theory of infinite soluble groups. The results proved lie on the border between group theory and model theory: the questions asked are of a model-theoretic nature but the techniques used are mainly group-theoretic in character. We present a characterization of those groups contained in the universal closure of a restricted wreath product U wr G, where U is an abelian group of zero or finite square-free exponent and G is a torsion-free soluble group with a bound on the class of its nilpotent subgroups. For certain choices of G we are able to use this characterization to prove further results about these groups; in particular, results related to the decidability of their universal theories. The latter part of this work consists of a number of independent but related topics. We show that if G is a finitely generated abelian-by-metanilpotent group and H is elementarily equivalent to G then the subgroups gamma_n(G) and gamma_n(H) are elementarily equivalent, as are the quotient groups G/gamma_n(G) and G/gamma_n(H). We go on to consider those groups universally equivalent to F_2(VN_c), where the free groups of the variety V are residually finite p-groups for infinitely many primes p, distinguishing between the cases when c = 1 and when c > 2. Finally, we address some important questions concerning the theories of free groups in product varieties V_k · · ·V_1, where V_i is a nilpotent variety whose free groups are torsion-free; in particular we address questions about the decidability of the elementary and universal theories of such groups. Results mentioned in both of the previous two paragraphs have applications here.