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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Subespacios hiperinvariantes y característicos : una aproximación geométrica

Montoro López, Ma. Eulàlia 12 May 2015 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to study the hyperinvariant and characteristic subspaces of a matrix, or equivalently, of an endomorphism of a finite dimensional vector space. We restrict ourselves to the case of matrices A with an splitting characteristic polynomial, leaving for future work the generalization for any characteristic polynomial. The subspaces A-hyperinvariant and A-characteristic are subclasses of A-invariant subspaces (those containing its image for A), a key concept in the theory of matrices. Specifically, the subspaces A-hiperinvariant are those that are also invariant for all matrices that commute with A, while the A characteristic are required that are only invariant for invertible matrices that commute with A. Both concepts first appeared in the mid-30s within the context of group theory. But it was not until the 70s that appears a characterization of the A-hiperinvariant subspaces and their lattice was described in the context of matrix theory. In 2009 appears an article of Astuti and Wimmer which shows that A-hyperinvariant and A-caracteristic subspaces are the same except in the field GF(2) . In this case, Shoda theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of characteristic non-hiperinvariant subspaces. But the description of these subspaces was an open problem which is solved in this thesis. Our first objective, therefore, is to analyze the behavior of the centralizer of a matrix (i.e., the set of matrices commuting with it), we will assume canonical form ( Jordan or Weyr). Specifically, we calculate the determinant of the matrices in the centralizer, which in particular allows to characterize the nonsingular. Furthermore, we determined the images of a given subspace respect to the set of all matrices of these centralizers, a result that will be key for further study of hiperinvariant subspaces. We begin this study, giving conditions for the existence of one-dimensional hiperinvariant subspaces. More generally, using the results mentioned in the preceding paragraph, characterized the d-dimensional hyperinvariant subspaces associating to it a trivial Weyr partitions, which in turn allows for easy proof for the associated with certain known Segre partitions (call " hipertuplas''). These characterizations will allow us to explicitly the hiperinvariant subspaces of a given dimension, corresponding to hipertuplas with some fixed coefficient, the latter will be used in the last chapter. In the last part of the thesis, we address to study characteristic non hyperinvariant subspaces, when exist (results of Astuti-Wimmer and Shoda already mentioned). Specifically we give an explicit construction from a type of tuples associated with certain subpartitions of Segre characteristic that call "chartuplas '': to associate each two kinds of subspaces, such that the subspaces are characteristic non-hyperinvariant are precisely direct sums of two of them, one for each class. Finally, from this construction we develop an algorithm to count the number of characteristic non hiperinvariant subspaces. / El objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar en profundidad los subespacios hiperinvariantes y característicos de una matriz, o equivalentemente, de un endomorfismo de un espacio vectorial de dimensión finita. Nos restringimos al caso de matrices A con polinomio característico totalmente descomponible, dejando para futuros trabajos la generalización para cualquier polinomio característico. Los subespacios A-hiperinvariantes y A-característicos son subclases de los subespacios A-invariantes (aquellos que contienen su imágen por A), concepto clave en la teoría de matrices. Concretamente, los subespacios A-hiperinvariantes son aquellos que también son invariantes para toda matriz que conmuta con A, mientras que a los A-característicos se les exige sólo que lo sean para las matrices inversibles que conmutan con A. Ambos conceptos aparecen por primera vez a mediados de los años 30 dentro del contexto de la teoría de grupos. Pero no es hasta los años 70 en que se da una caracterización de los subespacios A-hiperinvariantes y se describe su retículo dentro de la teoría de matrices. En el año 2009 aparece un artículo de Astuti y Wimmer donde se demuestra que en el caso de matrices A con polinomio característico totalmente descomponible, los subespacios característicos coinciden con los hiperinvariantes excepto si los coeficientes de A pertenecen a GF(2). En este casos, el Teorema de Shoda da condiciones necesarias y suficientes para la existencia de subespacios característicos no hiperinvariantes. Pero la descripción de este tipo de subespacios era un problema abierto que resolvemos en esta tesis. Nuestro primer objetivo, por tanto, será analizar el comportamiento del centralizador de una matriz, (esto es, el conjunto de matrices que conmutan con ella), que supondremos en forma canónica (de Jordan o de Weyr). Concretamente, calculamos el determinante de las matrices de dichos centralizadores, lo que en particular, permite caracterizar las no singulares. Por otra parte, determinamos las imágenes de un subespacio vectorial dado respecto al conjunto de todas las matrices de dichos centralizadores, resultado que será clave para el posterior estudio de los subespacios hiperinvariantes. Empezaremos dicho estudio, determinando condiciones para la existencia de subespacios hiperinvariantes 1-dimensionales . Más en general, usando los resultados mencionados en el párrafo anterior, caracterizamos los subespacios hiperinvariantes d-dimensionales asociándolos a las particiones triviales de la de Weyr, lo cual a su vez, permite una fácil demostración de la ya conocida asociada a ciertas particiones compatibles con la de Segre (que llamaremos "hipertuplas''). Estas caracterizaciones nos van a permitir contar explícitamente los subespacios hiperinvariantes de una dimensión dada, o los correspondientes a hipertuplas con algunos coeficientes prefijados, los cuales serán utilizados en el último capítulo. En la última parte de la tesis, abordamos el problema abierto de estudiar los subespacios característicos que no son hiperinvariantes, cuando existen (resultados de Astuti-Wimmer y Shoda ya mencionados). Concretamente damos una construcción explícita a partir de un tipo de tuplas asociadas a ciertas subparticiones de la característica de Segre, que llamaremos "chartuplas'': a cada una de ellas asociamos dos clases de subespacios, de forma que los subespacios característicos no hiperinvariantes son precisamente las sumas directas de dos de ellos, uno de cada clase. Finalmente, a partir de esta construcción desarrollamos un algoritmo que permite contar explicitamente el número de subespacios característicos no hiperinvariantes.
162

A contribution to the theory of convolutional codes from systems theory piont of view

Um, Laurence Emilie 25 May 2015 (has links)
Cotutela Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya i Université Mohammed V-Agdal / Information is such a valuable good of our time. Given that the transmission of information has always been subject to precision problems, knowing the obstacles existing between the transmitter and the receiver, eventual disruptions can happen anywhere in between, the physical means, channels involved with the exchange are never perfect and they are subject to errors that might result in loss of important data. Error correcting codes are a key element in the transmission and storage of digital information. In this thesis we study the possibility to redefine and improve properties of convolutional codes in terms of coding and decoding, with the help of the systems and control theory. For that matter, in chapter 1, we recall notions on coding theory, more specifically, on linear codes, both block and convolutional, redefining the convolutional codes as submodules of the F^n_{q} which is our main workspace. And we go through the prerequisites involved in the process of encoding and decoding, both for block and convolutional codes. And in order to approach them with tools of the systems theory, in chapter 2, we give the equivalence of the generating matrix in the form of a realization (A,B,C,D) of an input-output system. Then, we studied the concatenation because it has been proved to improve the transmission. In this work, we consider two big families of concatenation: serial concatenation, and parallel concatenation and two other models of concatenation called systematic serial concatenation and parallel interleaver concatenation. In chapter 3, we study control properties for each case. Nevertheless, we focus on the property of output-observability, and conditions to obtain it, particularly an easy iterative test is presented in order to discuss whether a code is output-observable. This test consists in calculating certain ranks of block matrices constructed from the matrices A, B, C, D. The output-observability property is very beneficial for the decoding as discussed in the next chapter. Moreover, in chapter 4, we assess two methods for a complete decoding operating on an iterative fashion, then suggest conditions for a step by step decoding in a case of concatenation, in order to recover exactly each and every original sequence after operation of every implied code. Following this concept, we study the convolutional decoding in general, and in particular the one of concatenated models in serial, in parallel, in systematic serial and finally in interleaver parallel implementation. In chapter 5, we suggest an application in steganography, in which we implement a steganographic scheme, inspired by the linear system representation of convolutional codes. Having the output-observability matrix being the backbone behind the construction of our decoding algorithms, coupled with the syndrome method, we formed some embedding/retrieval algorithms inspired by that construction. Those methods display the protection of communication within time-related transfer of information, with interesting possibilities and results. Finally, a chapter summarizing all our achievements and a short list of possible future lines of work upon aspects that we would like to continue studying in order to achieve new related goals. / La información es un valioso bien de nuestro tiempo. Dado que la transmisión de la información siempre ha estado sujeta a problemas de precisión, conociendo los obstáculos existentes entre el transmisor y el receptor, las interrupciones eventuales pueden ocurrir en cualquier lugar en el medio, el medio físico, canal involucrado con el cambio nunca es perfecto y está sujeto a errores que podrán dar como resultado una pérdida de datos importantes. Dado que los códigos correctores de errores son un elemento clave en la transmisión y almacenamiento de información digital, por eso un más fácil y mejor uso abre interesantes oportunidades en la regulación de la transmisión de la información, el cual es una ventaja que ofrece la teoría de sistemas lineales y el álgebra lineal a la definición de los códigos de convolución. Esta es la razón por la que en esta tesis, seguimos esa perspectiva para estudiar la posibilidad de redefinir y mejorar las propiedades de los códigos de convolución en base a la codificación y descodificación, con la ayuda de los sistemas y la teoría de control. En este sentido, en el capítulo 1, recordamos nociones sobre la teoría de códigos, más específicamente, sobre los códigos lineales, tanto de bloques como de convolución, se redefinen los códigos convolucionales como submódulos de Fnq que es nuestro espacio principal de trabajo. Y damos un repaso a los requisitos previos necesarios en el proceso de codificación y descodificación, tanto para los códigos de bloque como los códigos convolucionales. Y con el fin de aproximarnos a los códigos convolucionales con las herramientas de la teoría de sistemas, en el capítulo 2, damos la equivalencia de la matriz generatriz en función de una realización (A;B;C;D) de un sistema de entrada-salida. A continuación, se estudia la concatenación porque es conocido que mejora la transmisión. En este trabajo, se consideran dos grandes familias de concatenación: la concatenación en serie, y la concatenación en paralelo así como otros dos modelos de concatenación llamados concatenación en serie sistemática y la concatenación en paralelo con intercalador. En el capítulo 3, estudiamos propiedades de control para cada caso. Sin embargo, nos hemos centrado en la propiedad de “funcional output-controlabilidad" que en lenguaje de teoría de códigos es conocido como “output-observabilidad", y en obtener condiciones que aseguren dicha condición, en particular se presenta un fácil test iterativo, que permite discutir cuando un código de convolución es output-observable. Este test consiste en calcular los rangos de ciertas matrices por bloques construidas a partir de las matrices A, B, C, D. La propiedad de output-observabilidad es muy útil para la descodificación que se estudia en el próximo capítulo. Por otra parte, en el capítulo 4, se presentan dos métodos para una completa descodificación operando de forma iterativa, a partir de ahí, se sugieren condiciones para paso a paso descodificar la concatenación, a fin de recuperar exactamente todos y cada uno de los códigos implicados en la operación. Siguiendo esta idea, se estudia la descodificación de los códigos convolucionales en general, y en particular la de los modelos concatenados en serie, en paralelo, en serie sistemática y finalmente la concatenación en paralelo con intercalador. En el capítulo 5, se presenta una aplicación a la esteganografía, en el que se implementa un esquema esteganográfico, inspirado en la representación del sistema lineal de códigos convolucionales. La matriz de output-observabilidad es la columna vertebral que está detrás de la construcción de nuestros algoritmos de descodificación que junto con el método de síndrome, formamos algunos algoritmos Inclusión/recuperación inspirados en esa construcción. Estos métodos muestran la protección de la comunicación dentro de la transferencia relacionada con el tiempo que dura la información, con interesantes posibilidades y resultados. Por último, un capítulo que resume todos nuestros logros, en este caso el desarrollo de un nuevo algoritmo para escribir una realización, los métodos algoritmos para resolver la descodificación de códigos convolucionales. Esta aplicación a los códigos convolucionales de la teoría de sistemas lineales muestra un abanico de oportunidades para explorar, ya que como una aplicación adicional, hemos desarrollado algunos nuevos modelos esteganográficos, basados en la representación de los códigos convolucionales usando la teoría de sistemas lineal, y una corta lista de posibles futuras líneas de trabajo en los aspectos que nos gustaría seguir estudiando para alcanzar nuevas metas relacionadas seguir estudiando para alcanzar nuevas metas relacionadas con este tema. / L'information est un bien de notre époque dont l'importance n'est plus à démontrer. Etant donné que la transmission de l'information a toujours été soumise à des problèmes de précisions, dûs aux obstacles existant entre le transmetteur and le récepteur, d'éventuelles perturbations peuvent arriver n'importe où, entre les canaux physiques, faisant partie du processus d'échange qui n'est jamais parfait et ils peuvent toujours être affectés par des erreurs créant d'importantes pertes d'information. Les codes correcteurs d'erreurs sont un élément clé dans la transmission et la conservation de l'information numérique. Etant donné que les codes correcteurs d'erreurs sont un élément clé dans la transmission et la conservation de l'information digitale, ainsi un meilleur et plus simple usage ouvre des opportunités plus intéressantes dans la régulation de la transmission de l'information, qui est l'avantage que la définition des codes convolutifs suivant la théorie des systèmes linéaires apporte, avec le matériel de l'algèbre linéaire. C'est pour cette raison que dans cette thèse, nous suivons cette perspective pour étudier la perspective d'étudier la possibilité de redéfinir et d'améliorer les propriétés des codes convolutifs en termes de codage et de décodage, grâce aux outils de la théorie des systèmes et de contrôle. A cet effet, dans le chapitre 1, nous rappelons des notions sur la théorie des codes linéaires, les codes en bloc ainsi que les codes convolutifs, redéfinissant les codes convolutifs comme des sous-modules de Fnq qui est notre principal espace de travail. Et c'est ainsi que nous invoquons tous les prérequis nécessaires pour le processus de codage et de décodage, pour ce qui est des codes en bloc, et des codes convolutifs. Et dans le but d'approcher ces derniers grâce aux outils de la théorie des systèmes, dans le chapitre 2, nous donnons l'équivalence de la matrice génératrice sous la forme d'une réalisation (A;B;C;D) d'un un système inputoutput. Ensuite, nous étudions la concaténation parce qu'elle a été prouvée d'améliorer la transmission. Pour cette partie, nous considérons deux grandes familles de concaténation: concaténation en série et en parallèle, ainsi que deux autres modèles de concaténation appelés: concaténation systématique en série et concaténation en parallèle avec interleaver. Dans le chapitre 3, nous étudions les propriétés de contrôle pour chacun des cas. Néanmoins, nous nous concentrons sur la propriété de "functional output controllability" que dans le langage de théorie est appelé "outputobservability", et sur les conditions pour l'obtenir, en particulier un test itératif relativement facile a été présente en vue de discerner les codes output-observables de ceux qui ne le sont pas. Ce test permet de calculer certains rangs de blocs de matrices construits à partir des matrices A, B, C, D. La propriété d'output-observabilité est très bénéfique pour le décodage comme explicite dans le prochain chapitre. De plus, dans le chapitre 4, nous évaluons deux méthodes pour un décodage complet opérant de manière itérative, ensuite suggérons des conditions pour un décodage étape par étape dans un cas de concaténation, en vue de récupérer exactement chacune des séquences d'origine après opération de chacun des codes impliqués. Suivant ce concept, nous _étudions le décodage convolutif en général et en particulier celui des modèles de concaténation en série, en parallèle, en série systématique et finalement en parallèle avec interleaver. Dans le chapitre 5, nous suggérons une application en sténographie, dans laquelle nous implémentons un schéma sténographique, inspiré par la représentation en termes de systèmes linéaires des codes convolutifs. Ayant la matrice d'output-observabilité étant la matrice de référence pour la construction de nos algorithmes de décodage, couplée avec la méthode du syndrome, nous avons proposé quelques algorithmes d'encapsulation et de recouvrement inspirés par cette construction. Ces méthodes montrent la protection de la communication lors des transferts d'information dépendant du temps, avec d'intéressantes possibilités ainsi que des résultats encourageants. Finalement, un chapitre résumant tout ce que nous avons accompli, en l'occurrence la mise sur pied d'un nouvel algorithme pour écrire une réalisation, méthodes et algorithmes pour résoudre le décodage des codes convolutifs. Cette application des systèmes linéaires sur la théorie des codes convolutifs montre un ensemble de possibilités pour nous à explorer, puisque nous avons développé une application de plus, nous avons développé quelques modèles sténographiques, basés sur la représentation des codes convolutifs grâce à la théorie des systèmes linéaires, et une courte liste des futurs possibles axes de travail sur des aspects que nous souhaiterions étudier pour parachever nos buts traitant de problématiques similaires
163

The Removal Lemma: algebraic versions and applications

Vena Cros, Lluís 02 July 2012 (has links)
This thesis presents some contributions in additive combinatorics and arithmetic Ramsey theory. More specifically, it deals with the interaction between combinatorics, number theory and additive combinatorics. This area saw a great improvement with the Szemerédi Regularity Lemma and some of the results that followed. The Regularity Lemma and its consequences have become a widely used tool in graph theory, combinatorics and number theory. Furthermore, its language and point of view has deeply changed the face of additive number theory, a fact universally acknowledged by the Abel award given to Szemerédi in 2012. One of the main reasons for the prize has been Szemerédi's theorem, a result regarding the existence of arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions in dense sets of the integers, the proof of which uses the Regularity Lemma in a key step. One of the earlier consequences of the Regularity Lemma was the Removal Lemma for graphs that was used by Ruzsa and Szemerédi to show Roth theorem, regarding the existence of 3-term arithmetic progressions in dense sets of the integers, in a combinatorial way. The Removal Lemma states that in any graph K with few copies of a subgraph, say a triangle, we can remove few edges from K so that the result contains no copy of the subgraph. This has become a key tool in the applications of the so-called Regularity Method, which has extensive literature in combinatorics, graph theory, number theory and computer science. In 2005 Green introduced a regularity lemma for Abelian groups as well as an algebraic removal lemma. The removal lemma for groups states that, for a given finite Abelian group G, if there are o(|G|^3) solution to x+y+z+t=0 with the variables taking values in S, a subset of G, then we can remove o(|G|) elements from S to make the set S solution-free. The main contributions of this work corresponds to extensions of the removal lemma for groups to either more general contexts, like non-necessary Abelian finite groups, or to linear systems of equations for finite Abelian groups. The main goal is to give a comprehensive and more general framework for many results in additive number theory like Szemerédi Theorem. In particular, we show that the removal lemma for groups by Green can be extended to non-necessary Abelian finite groups. Moreover, we prove a removal lemma for linear systems on finite fields: for every e>0 there exists a d>0 such that if A is a (k x m) linear system of equations with coefficients in a finite field F and the number of solutions to Ax=b, where each variable takes values from a subset Si in F is less than d times |F| raised to m-k, then by removing less than e|F| elements in each Si we can make the resulting sets solution-free, thus solving a conjecture by Green to that respect. Even more, if A is an integer linear system, G is a finite Abelian group, and the determinantal of A and |G| are coprime, then a similar statement holds. Let us mention that the last result allows us to characterize those linear systems where any set S with size proportional to G has a nontrivial solution in S, provided |G| is large enough. This extends the validity of Szmerédi's theorem to finite Abelian groups. These extensions of the removal lemma have been used in arithmetic Ramsey theory to obtain counting results for the number of monochromatic solutions of linear systems. The main result from a work by Frankl, Graham and Rödl in '88 states that the number of monochromatic solutions of regular systems in integer intervals is in fact a positive proportion of the total number of solutions. We give analogous results for solutions in Abelian groups with bounded exponent, for which the main tool in the torsion-free case cannot be applied. Density versions of these counting results are also obtained, in this case with a full characterization.
164

Contributions to secret sharing and other distributed cryptosystems

Ruiz Rodriguez, Alexandre 22 July 2013 (has links)
The present thesis deals with primitives related to the eld of distributed cryptography. First, we study signcryption schemes, which provide at the same time the functionalities of encryption and signature, where the unsigncryption operation is distributed. We consider this primitive from a theoretical point of view and set a security framework for it. Then, we present two signcryption schemes with threshold unsigncryption, with di erent properties. Furthermore, we use their authenticity property to apply them in the development of a di erent primitive: digital signatures with distributed veri cation. The second block of the thesis deals with the primitive of multi-secret sharing schemes. After stating some e ciency limitations of multi-secret sharing schemes in an information-theoretic scenario, we present several multi-secret sharing schemes with provable computational security. Finally, we use the results in multi-secret sharing schemes to generalize the traditional framework of distributed cryptography (with a single policy of authorized subsets) into a multipolicy setting, and we present both a multi-policy distributed decryption scheme and a multi-policy distributed signature scheme. Additionally, we give a short outlook on how to apply the presented multi-secret sharing schemes in the design of other multi-policy cryptosystems, like the signcryption schemes considered in this thesis. For all the schemes proposed throughout the thesis, we follow the same formal structure. After de ning the protocols of the primitive and the corresponding security model, we propose the new scheme and formally prove its security, by showing a reduction to some computationally hard mathematical problem. / Avui en dia les persones estan implicades cada dia més en diferents activitats digitals tant en la seva vida professional com en el seu temps lliure. Molts articles de paper, com diners i tiquets, estan sent reemplaçats més i més per objectes digitals. La criptografia juga un paper crucial en aquesta transformació, perquè proporciona seguretat en la comunicació entre els diferents participants que utilitzen un canal digital. Depenent de la situació específica, alguns requisits de seguretat en la comunicació poden incloure privacitat (o confidencialitat), autenticitat, integritat o no-repudi. En algunes situacions, repartir l'operació secreta entre un grup de participants fa el procés més segur i fiable que quan la informació secreta està centralitzada en un únic participant; la criptografia distribuïda és l’àrea de la criptografia que estudia aquestes situacions. Aquesta tesi tracta de primitives relacionades amb el camp de la criptografia distribuïda. Primer, estudiem esquemes “signcryption”, que ofereixen a la vegada les funcionalitats de xifrat i signatura, on l'operació de “unsigncryption” està distribuïda. Considerem aquesta primitiva des d’un punt de vista teòric i establim un marc de seguretat per ella. Llavors, presentem dos esquemes “signcryption” amb operació de “unsigncryption” determinada per una estructura llindar, cada un amb diferents propietats. A més, utilitzem la seva propietat d’autenticitat per desenvolupar una nova primitiva: signatures digitals amb verificació distribuïda. El segon bloc de la tesi tracta la primitiva dels esquemes de compartició de multi-secrets. Després de demostrar algunes limitacions en l’eficiència dels esquemes de compartició de multi-secrets en un escenari de teoria de la informació, presentem diversos esquemes de compartició de multi-secrets amb seguretat computacional demostrable. Finalment, utilitzem els resultats obtinguts en els esquemes de compartició de multi-secrets per generalitzar el paradigma tradicional de la criptografia distribuïda (amb una única política de subconjunts autoritzats) a un marc multi-política, i presentem un esquema de desxifrat distribuït amb multi-política i un esquema de signatura distribuïda amb multi-política. A més, donem indicacions de com es poden aplicar els nostres esquemes de compartició de multi-secrets en el disseny d’altres criptosistemes amb multi-política, com per exemple els esquemes “signcryption” considerats en aquesta tesi. Per tots els esquemes proposats al llarg d’aquesta tesi, seguim la mateixa estructura formal. Després de definir els protocols de la primitiva primitius i el model de seguretat corresponent, proposem el nou esquema i demostrem formalment la seva seguretat, mitjançant una reducció a algun problema matemàtic computacionalment difícil.
165

Fitting ideals and module structure

Grime, Peter John January 2002 (has links)
Let R be a commutative ring with a 1. Original work by H. Fitting showed how we can associate to each finitely generated E-module a unique sequence of R-ideals, which are known as Fitting Ideals. The aim of this thesis is to undertake an investigation of Fitting Ideals and their relation with module structure and to construct a notion of Fitting Invariant for certain non-commutative rings. We first of all consider the commutative case and see how Fitting Ideals arise by considering determinantal ideals of presentation matrices of the underlying module and we describe some applications. We then study the behaviour of Fitting Ideals for certain module structures and investigate how useful Fitting Ideals are in determining the underlying module. The main part of this work considers the non-commutative case and constructs Fitting Invariants for modules over hereditary orders and shows how, by considering maximal orders and projectives in the hereditary order, we can obtain some very useful invariants which ultimately determine the structure of torsion modules. We then consider what we can do in the non-hereditary case, in particular for twisted group rings. Here we construct invariants by adjusting presentation matrices which generalises the previous work done in the hereditary case.
166

The equations of Rees algebras of ideals of almost-linear type

Muiños Bellester, Ferran 03 October 2011 (has links)
L’àlgebra de Rees R(I) d’un ideal I d’un anell Noetherià local R juga un paper molt important en àlgebra commutativa i geometria algebraica, perquè Proj(R(I)) és l’explosió (blowup) de l’esquema afí Spec(R) al llarg del subesquema Spec(R/I). Fins avui dia, el problema de descriure les equacions de l’àlgebra de Rees d’ideals, així com altres àlgebres relacionades, com ara l’anell graduat associat G(I) o el con de la fibra F(I), s’ha mostrat molt rellevant per tal de comprendre els fenòmens que envolten aquestes àlgebres. Les equacions de l’àlgebra de Rees R(I) són definibles com els elements del nucli Q d’una presentació polinòmica de R(I). Malgrat que aquest nucli pot dependre de la presentació escollida, no és difícil veure que els graus d’un sistema minimal de generadors homogenis de Q no depenen de la presentació. El màxim entre els graus dels generadors homogenis minimals de qualsevol presentació polinòmica, conegut com a tipus de relació, denotat rt(I), dóna una mesura senzilla – i tanmateix útil en molts contextos – de la complexitat de l’àlgebra de Rees. Els ideals tals que rt(I)=1, anomenats ideals de tipus lineal, han sigut intensament estudiats en les darreres dècades i encara avui dia romanen una font de problemes i exemples interessants. En aquest treball encarem el problema de descriure les equacions de R(I) quan l’ideal I és de la forma I=(J,y), on J és un ideal de tipus lineal: d’aquests ideals objecte del nostre estudi en direm ideals de tipus quasi-lineal. Els resultats principals d’aquest treball rauen en dues aproximacions diferents vers el problema. Per una banda, donem una descripció explícita de les equacions dels ideals I de la forma I=(J,y) quan els generadors de J satisfan l’anul·lació d’un cert grup d’homologia de Koszul. Si bé l’anul·lació d’aquesta homologia no implica automàticament que J sigui de tipus lineal, sí n’és una condició molt propera i també ens permet contemplar altres classes d’ideals. El nostre Teorema A ens permet recuperar, unificar i estendre resultats ja coneguts en el context d’ideals de tipus quasi-lineal deguts a Vasconcelos, Huckaba, Trung, Heinzer i Kim. Sigui α: S(I) → R(I) el morfisme graduat canònic des de l’àlgebra simètrica de I vers l’àlgebra de Rees de I. El segon resultat principal d’aquest treball demostra que l’injectivitat d’una sola component graduada de α és condició suficient per a garantir l’injectivitat de la resta de les components graduades inferiors si I és un ideal de tipus quasi-lineal. En particular, el nostre resultat respon afirmativament i de manera parcial a una pregunta formulada per Tchernev. Val a dir que el nostre resultat funciona per a tots els ideals de tipus quasi-lineal i encara per a ideals una mica més generals. Finalment, donem exemples que il·lustren l’abast i les aplicacions de la col·lecció de resultants presentats. L’autor també dóna una col·lecció de càlculs i exemples que motiven presents i futures activitats de recerca. / The Rees algebra R(I) = R[It] of an ideal I of a Noetherian local ring R plays a major role in commutative algebra and in algebraic geometry, since Proj(R(I)) is the blowup of the affine scheme Spec(R) along the closed subscheme Spec(R/I). So far, the problem of describing the equations of Rees algebras of ideals, as well as other related algebras, has shown to be relevant in order to further understand these major algebraic objects. The equations of R(I) arise as the elements in the kernel Q of a symmetric presentation of R(I). While this kernel may differ from one presentation to another, the degrees of a minimal generating set of homogeneous elements are known to be independent from the chosen presentation. The top degree among such generating sets, known as the relation type and denoted by rt(I), is a coarse measurement of the complexity of the underlying Rees algebra which is nonetheless a useful numerical invariant. The ideals I such that rt(I) = 1, known as ideals of linear type, have been intensely studied so far. In this dissertation, we tackle the problem of describing the equations of R(I) for I =(J, y), with J being of linear type, i.e., for ideals of linear type up to one minimal generator. Throughout, such ideals will be referred to as ideals of almost-linear type. The main results of this work stem from two different approaches towards the problem. In Theorem A, we give a full description of the equations of Rees algebras of ideals of the form I = (J,y), with J satisfying an homological vanishing condition. Theorem A permits us to recover and extend well-known results about families of ideals fulfilling the almost-linear type condition due to Vasconelos, Huckaba, Trung, Heinzer and Kim, among others. Let α: S(I)→R(I) be the canonical morphism from the symmetric algebra of I to the Rees algebra of I. In Theorem B, we prove that the injectivity of a single component of α: S(I)→R(I) propagates downwards, provided I is of almost-linear type. In particular, this result gives a partial answer to a question posed by Tchernev. Finally, packs of examples are introduced, which illustrate the scope and applications of each of the results presented. The author also gives a collection of computations and examples which motivate ongoing and future research.
167

Derivations in free power series rings and free associative algebras

Jooste, Theofilus de Wet January 1971 (has links)
A derivation d in any associative ring R is a linear mapping such that (ab)d = adb + abd, any a, b [set membership] R. The kernel of d is a subring of R which can sometimes be a ring of the same type as R. In particular, if R is a free power series ring, FX1,...,Xq>>, over a commutative field of characteristic zero, we find conditions under which Ker d is again a free power series ring. This happens e.g. if all the nonzero elements of the set {Xid; 1 = 1,...,q} are homogeneous of the same order, or if at least one element in this set has a nonzero constant term. For every derivation d in a complete inversely filtered F-algebra S satisfying the [n-term] inverse weak algorithm it is at least true that Ker d is [an n-fir] a semifir, i.e. Ker d is then again a ring in which every finitely generated [by at most n generators] right ideal is a free right S-module of unique rank. This is also true for the fixed rings of suitably chosen automorphisms of S, for if [alpha] is an automorphism which maps every element onto itself plus an element of higher order, then log [alpha] is a derivation such that Fix = Ker (log [alpha]). In a free associative algebra F, X a countable set, the kernel of any derivation d such that the nonzero elements of the set {xd; x [set membership] X} are homogeneous of the same degree, is also a free associative algebra over F. In particular, the kernel of the derivation d/dx has a free generating set consisting of {y [set membership] x; y=/ x} together with the set of all commutators of the form [..[[y,x],..,x]. This makes it possible to regard F(X) as a skew polynomial ring in x over Ker d/dx, a fact which characterizes x up to a "constant" in Ker d/dx.
168

Unique factorization and related topics

Zafrullah, Muhammad January 1974 (has links)
This work can he split into two parts. In the first part we generalize the concept of Unique Factorization by viewing Unique Factorization Domains as integral domains, non zero non units of which can he expressed uniquely (up to associates and order) as products of finitely many mutually co-prime associates of prime powers. Our working rule consists of taking a subset Q of the set P of all properties of a general prime power and investigating integral domains, whose non zero non units are expressible uniquely as proproducts of finitely many non units satisfying the properties in Q. For example we take Q consisting of only one property: of any two factors of a prime power one divides the other and call a non unit x rigid if for each h,k dividing x one divides the other. We find that in a Highest Common Factor domain a product of finitely many rigid elements is expressible uniquely as the product of mutually co-prime rigid elements. And a Highest Common Factor domain with the set of non zeros generated by rigid elements and units is the resulting generalization of a Unique Factorization Domain. We consider three different Q's which for suitable integral domains give distinct generalizations of Unique Factorization domains. In each case we provide examples to prove their existence discuss their points of difference with UFD's and study their behaviour under localization and adjunction of indeterminates. We also study these integral domains in terms of the valuations of their fields of fractions and show that these integral domains are generalizations of Krulldomains. The second part is mainly a study of ideal transforms in generalized Krull domains and some of the results are generalizations of results known for Krull domains.
169

Group cohomology and quantum fields

Basarab-Horwath, Peter January 1981 (has links)
In this thesis it is shown how the 1-Cohomology of groups can be used to classify certain representations of the Canonical Commutation Relations. First, the algebra of the Canonical Commutation Relations is described in the framework of C*algebras. The Fock and displaced-Fock representations are defined. A unitary representation of a connected Lie group is introduced into the complex pre-Hilbert space, over which the C.C.R. algebra is built. This group action induces an automorphism of the C.C.R. algebra, and the automorphism is shown to be unitarily implemented in the Fock representation. The question of unitary implementability in the displaced-Fock representation leads to the study of 1-cohomology of groups. The cohomology of the Poincare group is studied, for various representations of the Poincare group. Also the cohomology with values in the Hilbert-Schmidt operators of the one-particle space is calculated to be trivial. The results obtained then determine whether or not there do exist representations of the C.C.R. which are inequivalent to the Fock representation and which have a group automorphism unitarily implemented.
170

The tabulation of complex cubic fields with units and class-numbers

Angell, I. O. January 1971 (has links)
The purpose of the work is to tabulate the cubic number fields with discriminants between -20,000 and 0; for each field there is given: the discriminant DIS; the coefficients A, B, C of a polynomial, a zero [theta] of which generates the field; the index of the polynomial over the field, INDEX; the fundamental unit of the field [equation] the class number H; the minimum ideal norm P, required in the search for the class number. The completed table, together with computer programs used in the calculations, and one program used for checking the discriminant values, are found in the appendix to the thesis. Also a note is given of the only seven fields in the above range whose class group is not cyclic.

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