John L. Wyatt, Jr. / Bibliography: p. 12-13. / Supported in part by the National Science Foundation ECS-83-10941 Supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract no. N00014-80-C-0622

Diss. : Freiburg im Breisgau : 1991. / Bibliogr.: p. 187-191.

The main purpose of this research is the analysis, development and implementation of a precise autonomous orbit control system for a spacecraft in low Earth orbit. This thesis work represents a step forward in the theoretical formalization and implementation of an on-board orbit maintenance system. Two main approaches are identified for the realization of an on-board orbit control system. The first is the reconsideration and further development of state-of-the-art orbit control methods from the perspective of autonomy. A step forward is then taken in the direction of the definition of a general and rigorous formalization of the autonomous orbit control problem. The problem of the autonomous absolute orbit control is considered as a specific case of two spacecraft in formation in which one, the reference, is virtual and affected only by the Earth's gravitational field. A new parametrization, the relative Earth-Fixed elements, analogous to the relative orbital elements used for formation control, is introduced to describe the relative motion of the real and reference sub-satellite points on the Earth surface. An extensive discussion is dedicated to the reference orbit selection and generation process and the analysis of the free motion of a spacecraft in low Earth orbit. The reference orbit defines the spacecraft's nominal trajectory designed to satisfy the mission requirements. The actual orbit is kept within certain bounds defined with respect to the reference orbit. The generation process of the reference orbit is dealt in detail as it is the fundamental starting point of the orbit control chain. The free motion analysis is essential to understand the orbit perturbation environment which causes the deviation of the actual from the nominal trajectory. The use of the precise orbit determination data of the missions PRISMA and TerraSAR-X guarantee the reliability of the results of this analysis and the understanding of the orbit's perturbation environments at an altitude of 700 and 500 km. This study helps the definition of a proper control strategy. The control algorithms developed in the thesis can be divided into the two broad categories of analytical and numerical. An analytical algorithm for the maintenance of a repeat-track orbit is developed from the state-of-the-art methods and new analytical formulations for the reference orbit acquisition under different constraints and requirements are presented. The virtual formation method for the absolute orbit control is formalized by means of the relative Earth-fixed elements described previously. The state-space representation is used for the mathematical formulation of the problem. A linear and a quadratic optimal regulators, based on this model, are designed for the in-plane and out-of-plane absolute orbit control. Numerical simulations are performed for the validation of the control methods. The test platform includes a very accurate orbit propagator, the flight software and allows the simulation of actuators and navigation errors. The simulation results are evaluated from a performance and operational point of view in order to formulate a first conclusion about the advantages and disadvantages of the different control techniques. The main differences between the considered analytical and numerical control methods are outlined. The practical implementation of a precise autonomous orbit control system for a spacecraft in low Earth orbit is then described in detail. The on-board guidance, navigation and control software development, implementation and testing of the PRISMA mission, to which the author of this thesis contributed, is described. The attention is focused on the technological aspects implied by the realization of the autonomous orbit control system tested in-flight with the autonomous orbit keeping experiment on PRISMA. Among the several innovative aspects of the flight software development, some space is dedicated to the advanced software validation and testing realized on the formation flying test-bed at DLR, the German Aerospace Center, which played a fundamental role in the realization of the PRISMA mission and its experiments. Finally, the flight results of the autonomous orbit keeping experiment on the PRISMA mission, a fundamental milestone of this research work, are presented. This in-flight experiment took place in the summer of 2011 and demonstrated the capability of autonomous precise absolute orbit control using the analytical control method developed in this thesis.

Ce travail a analysé la légende héroïque de la famille des Atrides, à travers la trilogie grecque L’Orestie, d’Eschyle, en la mettant en rapport avec Les mouches, de Sartre, et avec Électre, de Giraudoux; ces oeuvres ont également été comparées avec les deux Electra, celle de Sophocle et celle d’Euripide, en partant de l’analyse du "texte en tant que productivité" selon Roland Barthes, qui travaille la réécriture du texte réalisée par le lecteur. Les textes choisis furent produits et mis en scène pendant des guerres ou à la veille d’une guerre et, à travers l’étude des agencements juridiques en vigueur à chaque époque, nous avons pu observer – dans l’Athènes du Ve siècle – la construction du concept de responsabilité individuelle, avec le dépassement de l’imposition de la peine aux membres de la famille et à la descendance du criminel; par contre, dans la France occupée par l’armée nazie c’est l’inverse qui se produit, la responsabilité des meurtres commis par la Résistance est attribuée à toute la communauté. Nous avons confronté les rapports de pouvoir engendrés et exposés dans les textes, lesquels reflétaient ceux qui se produisaient dans le cadre historico-politique, et en avons conclu que la tragédie grecque s’est insérée comme médiatrice de la réalité politico-sociale de la polis, contrairement aux relectures françaises, qui avaient une insertion périphérique dans la société française de 1937 à 1944. C’est à la recherche d’un sentiment de continuité et de transcendance que s’établit le retour aux tragédies grecques et à leurs relectures, étant donné qu’elles racontent des légendes héroïques qui rappellent à l’homme – même à celui du XXIe siècle – sa mortalité et son incapacité à prévoir les conséquences de ses actions. / O trabalho foi desenvolvido analisando-se a lenda heróica da família dos Atridas, através da trilogia grega Orestéia, de Ésquilo, relacionando-a com Les mouches, de Sartre, e com Électre, de Giraudoux, comparando-as também com as duas Electra, a de Sófocles e a de Eurípides, partindo da análise do “texto como produtividade”, segundo Roland Barthes, que trabalha a reescritura do texto realizada pelo leitor. Os textos escolhidos foram produzidos e encenados em momentos de guerra ou de sua iminência e, através do estudo dos ordenamentos jurídicos vigentes em cada época, foi possível comprovar que, na Atenas do século V, ocorre a construção do conceito de responsabilidade individual, superando-se a imposição da punição aos familiares e à descendência do criminoso, enquanto que na França ocupada pelo exército nazista ocorre o inverso: a responsabilidade pelos assassinatos cometidos pela Resistência é atribuída a toda a comunidade. Confrontamos as relações de poder engendradas e expostas nos textos, refletindo as que estavam ocorrendo no contexto histórico-político, concluindo que a tragédia grega se inseriu como mediadora da realidade político-social da polis, ao contrário das releituras francesas, que tinham uma inserção periférica na sociedade francesa de 1937 a 1944. É em busca de um sentimento de continuidade e de transcendência que ocorre o retorno às tragédias gregas e às suas releituras, visto que narram lendas heróicas que relembram, mesmo ao homem do século XXI, sua mortalidade e sua incapacidade de prever os desdobramentos de suas ações. / This thesis was written analyzing the heroical legend of Atridas’family, through the Greek tragedies Orestéia and Electra(s), relating them to The Mouches by Sartre and to Électre by Giraudoux. The starting point is the text analysis as "productivity", according to Roland Barthes who works the rewriting of the text by the reader. The texts we analyzed were produced and enacted during moments of war or in times of its imminence, and through our study it was possible to prove that in Athena of the Fifth Century occurs the construction of the concept of individual responsibility, overcoming the imposition of the guiltiness to the criminal descendants, while in occupied France by the Nazi Army happens the opposite: the responsibility for the murders, committed by the Resistance, is attributed to the entire community. We compared the relationship of power engendered and exposed on the texts which reflect the relationship that happened in the historical and political context. So, we conclude that the Greek tragedy was inserted as a mediator of social reality, in opposition to the French plays, which had a peripheral insertion in the French society from 1937 to 1944. The sense of continuity and transcendency emerges from the return of the Greek tragedies and their rereading, because they narrate heroical legends which remember, indeed to the man of the Twenty One Century, his mortality and his incapacity to antecipate the unfoldment of his actions.

Ce travail a analysé la légende héroïque de la famille des Atrides, à travers la trilogie grecque L’Orestie, d’Eschyle, en la mettant en rapport avec Les mouches, de Sartre, et avec Électre, de Giraudoux; ces oeuvres ont également été comparées avec les deux Electra, celle de Sophocle et celle d’Euripide, en partant de l’analyse du "texte en tant que productivité" selon Roland Barthes, qui travaille la réécriture du texte réalisée par le lecteur. Les textes choisis furent produits et mis en scène pendant des guerres ou à la veille d’une guerre et, à travers l’étude des agencements juridiques en vigueur à chaque époque, nous avons pu observer – dans l’Athènes du Ve siècle – la construction du concept de responsabilité individuelle, avec le dépassement de l’imposition de la peine aux membres de la famille et à la descendance du criminel; par contre, dans la France occupée par l’armée nazie c’est l’inverse qui se produit, la responsabilité des meurtres commis par la Résistance est attribuée à toute la communauté. Nous avons confronté les rapports de pouvoir engendrés et exposés dans les textes, lesquels reflétaient ceux qui se produisaient dans le cadre historico-politique, et en avons conclu que la tragédie grecque s’est insérée comme médiatrice de la réalité politico-sociale de la polis, contrairement aux relectures françaises, qui avaient une insertion périphérique dans la société française de 1937 à 1944. C’est à la recherche d’un sentiment de continuité et de transcendance que s’établit le retour aux tragédies grecques et à leurs relectures, étant donné qu’elles racontent des légendes héroïques qui rappellent à l’homme – même à celui du XXIe siècle – sa mortalité et son incapacité à prévoir les conséquences de ses actions. / O trabalho foi desenvolvido analisando-se a lenda heróica da família dos Atridas, através da trilogia grega Orestéia, de Ésquilo, relacionando-a com Les mouches, de Sartre, e com Électre, de Giraudoux, comparando-as também com as duas Electra, a de Sófocles e a de Eurípides, partindo da análise do “texto como produtividade”, segundo Roland Barthes, que trabalha a reescritura do texto realizada pelo leitor. Os textos escolhidos foram produzidos e encenados em momentos de guerra ou de sua iminência e, através do estudo dos ordenamentos jurídicos vigentes em cada época, foi possível comprovar que, na Atenas do século V, ocorre a construção do conceito de responsabilidade individual, superando-se a imposição da punição aos familiares e à descendência do criminoso, enquanto que na França ocupada pelo exército nazista ocorre o inverso: a responsabilidade pelos assassinatos cometidos pela Resistência é atribuída a toda a comunidade. Confrontamos as relações de poder engendradas e expostas nos textos, refletindo as que estavam ocorrendo no contexto histórico-político, concluindo que a tragédia grega se inseriu como mediadora da realidade político-social da polis, ao contrário das releituras francesas, que tinham uma inserção periférica na sociedade francesa de 1937 a 1944. É em busca de um sentimento de continuidade e de transcendência que ocorre o retorno às tragédias gregas e às suas releituras, visto que narram lendas heróicas que relembram, mesmo ao homem do século XXI, sua mortalidade e sua incapacidade de prever os desdobramentos de suas ações. / This thesis was written analyzing the heroical legend of Atridas’family, through the Greek tragedies Orestéia and Electra(s), relating them to The Mouches by Sartre and to Électre by Giraudoux. The starting point is the text analysis as "productivity", according to Roland Barthes who works the rewriting of the text by the reader. The texts we analyzed were produced and enacted during moments of war or in times of its imminence, and through our study it was possible to prove that in Athena of the Fifth Century occurs the construction of the concept of individual responsibility, overcoming the imposition of the guiltiness to the criminal descendants, while in occupied France by the Nazi Army happens the opposite: the responsibility for the murders, committed by the Resistance, is attributed to the entire community. We compared the relationship of power engendered and exposed on the texts which reflect the relationship that happened in the historical and political context. So, we conclude that the Greek tragedy was inserted as a mediator of social reality, in opposition to the French plays, which had a peripheral insertion in the French society from 1937 to 1944. The sense of continuity and transcendency emerges from the return of the Greek tragedies and their rereading, because they narrate heroical legends which remember, indeed to the man of the Twenty One Century, his mortality and his incapacity to antecipate the unfoldment of his actions.

Ce travail a analysé la légende héroïque de la famille des Atrides, à travers la trilogie grecque L’Orestie, d’Eschyle, en la mettant en rapport avec Les mouches, de Sartre, et avec Électre, de Giraudoux; ces oeuvres ont également été comparées avec les deux Electra, celle de Sophocle et celle d’Euripide, en partant de l’analyse du "texte en tant que productivité" selon Roland Barthes, qui travaille la réécriture du texte réalisée par le lecteur. Les textes choisis furent produits et mis en scène pendant des guerres ou à la veille d’une guerre et, à travers l’étude des agencements juridiques en vigueur à chaque époque, nous avons pu observer – dans l’Athènes du Ve siècle – la construction du concept de responsabilité individuelle, avec le dépassement de l’imposition de la peine aux membres de la famille et à la descendance du criminel; par contre, dans la France occupée par l’armée nazie c’est l’inverse qui se produit, la responsabilité des meurtres commis par la Résistance est attribuée à toute la communauté. Nous avons confronté les rapports de pouvoir engendrés et exposés dans les textes, lesquels reflétaient ceux qui se produisaient dans le cadre historico-politique, et en avons conclu que la tragédie grecque s’est insérée comme médiatrice de la réalité politico-sociale de la polis, contrairement aux relectures françaises, qui avaient une insertion périphérique dans la société française de 1937 à 1944. C’est à la recherche d’un sentiment de continuité et de transcendance que s’établit le retour aux tragédies grecques et à leurs relectures, étant donné qu’elles racontent des légendes héroïques qui rappellent à l’homme – même à celui du XXIe siècle – sa mortalité et son incapacité à prévoir les conséquences de ses actions. / O trabalho foi desenvolvido analisando-se a lenda heróica da família dos Atridas, através da trilogia grega Orestéia, de Ésquilo, relacionando-a com Les mouches, de Sartre, e com Électre, de Giraudoux, comparando-as também com as duas Electra, a de Sófocles e a de Eurípides, partindo da análise do “texto como produtividade”, segundo Roland Barthes, que trabalha a reescritura do texto realizada pelo leitor. Os textos escolhidos foram produzidos e encenados em momentos de guerra ou de sua iminência e, através do estudo dos ordenamentos jurídicos vigentes em cada época, foi possível comprovar que, na Atenas do século V, ocorre a construção do conceito de responsabilidade individual, superando-se a imposição da punição aos familiares e à descendência do criminoso, enquanto que na França ocupada pelo exército nazista ocorre o inverso: a responsabilidade pelos assassinatos cometidos pela Resistência é atribuída a toda a comunidade. Confrontamos as relações de poder engendradas e expostas nos textos, refletindo as que estavam ocorrendo no contexto histórico-político, concluindo que a tragédia grega se inseriu como mediadora da realidade político-social da polis, ao contrário das releituras francesas, que tinham uma inserção periférica na sociedade francesa de 1937 a 1944. É em busca de um sentimento de continuidade e de transcendência que ocorre o retorno às tragédias gregas e às suas releituras, visto que narram lendas heróicas que relembram, mesmo ao homem do século XXI, sua mortalidade e sua incapacidade de prever os desdobramentos de suas ações. / This thesis was written analyzing the heroical legend of Atridas’family, through the Greek tragedies Orestéia and Electra(s), relating them to The Mouches by Sartre and to Électre by Giraudoux. The starting point is the text analysis as "productivity", according to Roland Barthes who works the rewriting of the text by the reader. The texts we analyzed were produced and enacted during moments of war or in times of its imminence, and through our study it was possible to prove that in Athena of the Fifth Century occurs the construction of the concept of individual responsibility, overcoming the imposition of the guiltiness to the criminal descendants, while in occupied France by the Nazi Army happens the opposite: the responsibility for the murders, committed by the Resistance, is attributed to the entire community. We compared the relationship of power engendered and exposed on the texts which reflect the relationship that happened in the historical and political context. So, we conclude that the Greek tragedy was inserted as a mediator of social reality, in opposition to the French plays, which had a peripheral insertion in the French society from 1937 to 1944. The sense of continuity and transcendency emerges from the return of the Greek tragedies and their rereading, because they narrate heroical legends which remember, indeed to the man of the Twenty One Century, his mortality and his incapacity to antecipate the unfoldment of his actions.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Literatura / A partir de una metodología producto de diversas propuestas de la estética de la Recepción (Jauss, et al. 1970; Hardwick 2003; Tai 2011), la presente investigación centra su atención en el conjunto de tragedias de Esquilo (Orestíada, Los Siete sobre Tebas y Prometeo Encadenado) traducidas por Juan Salas Errázuriz, presbítero jesuita y productor cultural chileno, publicadas entre 1889 y 1902. Este conjunto de traducciones es relevado en calidad de producto de un proceso (la traducción) que puede ser considerado una modalidad de recepción particular (Tai 2011). En torno a la traducción, por lo tanto, se procede no solo a caracterizar sus particularidades y aparato de notas, sino que, siguiendo a Scharlau (2004), se sitúa a estas obras en el contexto particular de producción. En consecuencia se revisan los aspectos del contexto socio-cultural en diversas dimensiones (lingüística, continental, nacional y social) que competen a la producción cultural de Salas, entre estos principalmente el proceso de reorganización y modernización llevado a cabo por la Iglesia católica y la curia chilena a lo largo del siglo XIX, proceso que conllevó, entre muchos cambios, un ingreso de ciertos elementos de la curia nacional a esferas culturales en plena formación, en particular la publicidad moderna así como el campo cultural y literario. Una vez relevados los aspectos de la modernización de la Iglesia católica y la curia nacional, se revisan las particularidades que asume en Salas el proyecto cívico cultural católico, con el fin de entender las posibles fuentes o modelos discursivos, poéticos, teóricos, teológicos, estéticos y dogmáticos desde donde este concibe el rol del catolicismo en el campo cultural y literario, así como la relación que debe establecer la poesía y la comunidad nacional. A continuación se caracteriza el tipo de traductor que informa no solo la labor de Salas sino en gran medida a los traductores latinoamericanos más consagrados del siglo XIX. Finalmente se revisan las fuentes que influyen en Salas en la configuración de esta particular recepción de la tragedia griega, de Esquilo y la relación entre poesía, pólis, religión y militarismo, manera que se complementa a su vez con ciertas decisiones que Salas toma al momento de traducir a Esquilo, y que afectaría no solo las decisiones que este toma para la traducción como producto final, sino que de igual manera estaría presente en ciertas temáticas presentes en obras de Esquilo aunque re-digiridas, a través de la traducción, a modelos en sintonía con el interés católico finisecular de Salas. / Starting from questions stated by Reception studies (Jauss, Hardwick, et. Al 1970; Hardwick 2003; Tai 2011), the present research centers its attention on the corpus of Aeschylean tragedies (the Orestiad trilogy, Seven against Thebes and Prometheus bound) translated by Juan Salas Errázuriz, a chilean jesuit priest, published between 1889 and 1902. This corpus of translations is relevated, thus, as a product of the translation as a process that it can be considered as well as a particular reception modality (Tai 2011). Regarding the translation, on addition, we proceed not only to characterize the particularities that Salas' work present, but also, following Scharlau (2004), we treat the corpus regarding its socio-cultural context, this is, treat the translation in situ. In consequence we considered the aspects of the socio-cultural context of production in several dimensions (linguistic, continental, national and social) that are related to Salas' cultural production, among these specially the process of re-organization and modernization of the Catholic Church and the chilean chapter along the XIXth century, process that consisted, among many changes, in the active participation of certain elements of the national Catholic Church members into cultural spheres in formation, specially the modern publicity and the cultural and literary field as well. Once considered the aspects of the Catholic Church modernization in Chile, we analyze the particularities that this process assumes regarding Salas' civic-cultural catholic project, with the aim of understand the possible influences and discursive, poetic, theoric, theologic, aesthetic and dogmatic models from whom Salas conceives the role of catholicism regarding the cultural and literary field and the relation that, according to this frame, poetry and national community must establish as well. Next we caracterize the type of translator that constitutes not only Salas' work but also pretty much the vast majority of the latinamerican translators of the same period. Finally, we revise the way how the influences behind Salas' particular conception of his production modeled his particular perception of attic tragedy, Aeschylus and the relation between poetry, polis, religion and militarism, way that it complements with certain choices that Salas takes at the moment of translate Aeschylus and that would affect not only the decisions that Salas take in order to make a final product, but also as a way that it would be present in certain themes presents in Aeschylus' plays yet re-directed, through translation, to models in sintony with the particular Salas' catholic contextual interest. / Proyecto Fondecyt de Iniciación N°11140911

This thesis investigates the two major problems of poverty and corruption in post-Soviet Russia, by comparing Boris Yeltsin&rsquo / s and Vladimir Putin&rsquo / s terms of office. In order to do that, political and economic circumstances during these two presidents&rsquo / eras, the reasons of these two problems, and the consequences of certain policies adapted by these two presidents are focused on. The main argument of the thesis is to analyze interactively the certain conditions of poverty and corruption in the Russian Federation under the presidencies of both Yeltsin and Putin.

This research examines the understandings and practices of inclusive minded principals toward facilitating the development of inclusive school environments for intermediate level (Grade 7 and 8) students who are experiencing behavioural problems in their schools. Qualitative interviews with 16 principals across 4 school districts were conducted to explore how these inclusive minded principals conceptualize and understand the needs of this particular group of students, and what they consider to be their roles and responsibilities as principals in meeting these needs. The data suggest that despite the number of barriers that serve to hamper principals’ efforts to develop the ideal inclusive school, there are a great many strategies principals intentionally use to facilitate change toward more inclusive school cultures and pedagogy. These strategies emanate from, and are reflective of, an inclusive philosophy that is common among participants. Principals’ individual philosophies and ideologies serve as a compass in guiding decision-making and actions that affect staff, students, and the wider school community. In an inclusive school, these ideologies are reflective of the principles of inclusion, such as the need to create a culture of care wherein all students feel valued, supported, and experience a sense of belonging and individual self worth. The implications of this research toward improving the schooling experiences of students with behavioural problems as well as other marginalized groups of learners are discussed in the context of the call for a re-culturing of schools toward more inclusive environments.

This research examines the understandings and practices of inclusive minded principals toward facilitating the development of inclusive school environments for intermediate level (Grade 7 and 8) students who are experiencing behavioural problems in their schools. Qualitative interviews with 16 principals across 4 school districts were conducted to explore how these inclusive minded principals conceptualize and understand the needs of this particular group of students, and what they consider to be their roles and responsibilities as principals in meeting these needs. The data suggest that despite the number of barriers that serve to hamper principals’ efforts to develop the ideal inclusive school, there are a great many strategies principals intentionally use to facilitate change toward more inclusive school cultures and pedagogy. These strategies emanate from, and are reflective of, an inclusive philosophy that is common among participants. Principals’ individual philosophies and ideologies serve as a compass in guiding decision-making and actions that affect staff, students, and the wider school community. In an inclusive school, these ideologies are reflective of the principles of inclusion, such as the need to create a culture of care wherein all students feel valued, supported, and experience a sense of belonging and individual self worth. The implications of this research toward improving the schooling experiences of students with behavioural problems as well as other marginalized groups of learners are discussed in the context of the call for a re-culturing of schools toward more inclusive environments.