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Computational chemists have successfully simulated many systems by applying the principles of quantum mechanics, while approximate molecular mechanical models have seen great utility in problems of biochemical interest. In recent years, a number of methods have been developed to combine the advantages of both techniques. In this study the so-called QM/MM method is developed and applied to the determination of the free energy of a simple Menshutkin S_N2 chemical reaction. This is an extremely demanding process, well beyond the computational capacity of an average workstation, and thus a Beowulf-class Linux cluster is constructed to perform the calculations, and tested for a variety of computational chemistry applications. A number of methods for improving the QM/MM approach are considered in this work. The Fluctuating Charge, or FlucQ, polarizable molecular mechanics force field is implemented in a flexible manner within the CHARMM package and tested for a variety of systems, including the S_N2 test case. Several drawbacks of the original method are addressed and overcome. Both molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo techniques are used within the QM/MM framework to investigate the S_N2 reaction, and the two methods are compared. Techniques are developed and tested to increase the efficiency of QM/MC calculations to the point where they become competitive with QM/MD. Extremely expensive QM treatments are shown to be required to obtain accurate energies for the Menshutkin reaction. A method is developed and tested, and compared with the traditional ONIOM technique, for dramatically reducing the computational time required to use these treatments for QM/MC simulations, paving the way for fully ab initio high basis set QM/MM simulation.

Ce travail de thèse vise à étudier l'endommagement de l'ADN, de la formation de lésions à leur réparation par des méthodes de modélisation moléculaire. Plusieurs projets ont pris forme dans ce contexte, lesquels peuvent être classés en trois grandes catégories. D'un côté, nous nous sommes intéressés la formation de lésions induites par des agents mutagènes. Nous avons étudié les mécanismes de formation de la 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8oxoG), mais aussi le caractère de photosensibilisateur endogène de la pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone (6-4PP), et la photosensibilisation de l'ADN par deux anti-inflammatoires : le kétoprofène et l'ibuprofène. D'un autre côté, les propriétés mécaniques de l'ADN endommagé ont été simulées. La structure de lésions complexes est d'une importance capitale pour comprendre la manière dont elles sont réparées. Malheureusement, seulement peu de structures RMN et cristallographiques sont disponibles à ce jour. Pour pallier à ce manque et obtenir des informations sur leur dynamique, nous avons étudié un panel de lésions complexes : les clusters de sites abasiques, les pontages inter-brins, et la photolésion 6-4PP. De même, nous nous sommes penchés sur les modes d'interaction de certaines polyamines avec l'ADN, ces molécules étant connues pour interagir avec la double hélice. Enfin, latroisième partie de cette thèse concerne les interactions ADN-enzyme de réparation. En perspective avec l'étude de clusters d'abasiques, nous avons étudié le comportement dynamique du même système, cette fois-ci en interaction avec l'endonucléase APE1. Nous nous sommes également penchés sur les interactions entre la glycosylase Fpg avec un oligonucléotide contenant un tandem de lésions 8-oxoG d'un côté, etun cluster de lésions 8-oxoG - site abasique de l'autre. Ces multiples projets ont permis l'accumulation de nouvelles connaissances à propos des lésions complexes de l'ADN, et ont également apporté un appuicomputationnel aux expérimentations, qui peuvent se révéler très délicates dans ce domaine. Nos résultats ouvrent de larges perspectives dans le domaine de la pharmacologie, la cosmétique et plus généralementla compréhension du vivant / This thesis work is focused on the theoretical modelling of DNA damages, from formation to repair. Several projects have been led in this framework, which can be sorted into three different parts. One on hand, we studied complex DNA reactivity. It included a study about 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8oxoG) mechanisms of formation, a project concerning the UV-induced pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone (6-4PP) endogenous photosensitizer features, and an other one about DNA photosensitizationby nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ie ketoprofen and ibuprofen). On the other hand, we investigated mechanical properties of damaged DNA. The structural signature of a DNA lesion is of major importance for their repair, unfortunately only few NMR and X-ray structures of such systems are available. In order to gain insights into their dynamical structure, we investigated a series of complex damages : clustered abasic sites, interstrand cross-links, and the 6-4PP photolesion. Likewise, we studied the interaction modes DNA with several polyamines, which are well known to interact with the double helix, but also with the perspective to model DNA-protein cross-linking. The third part concerned the study of DNA interactions with repair enzymes. In line with the structural study about clustered abasic sites, we investigated the dynamics of the same system, but this time interacting with the APE1 endonuclease. We also studied interactions between the Fpg glycosylase with an oligonucleotides containing tandem 8-oxoG on one hand and 8-oxoG - abasic site as multiply damaged sites. Thus, we shed new lights on damaged DNA reactivity, structure and repair, which provides perspectives for biomedicine and life's mechanisms understanding as we begin to describe nucleosomal DNA