• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 30
  • 18
  • 9
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2
  • Tagged with
  • 145
  • 50
  • 27
  • 19
  • 15
  • 13
  • 12
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 10
  • 10
  • 9
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Desert dune system response to Late Quaternary environmental change in the northeastern Rub’ al Khali : advances in the application of optically stimulated luminescence datasets

Leighton, Carly L. January 2014 (has links)
The application of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to desert sand dunes has allowed accumulation histories to be used as tools to infer past environmental change. In response to issues facing the interpretation of these records, two research questions are addressed in this thesis. (i) Are dune chronologies representative of dune stratigraphies? And (ii) how can we most appropriately interpret dune chronologies as records of Quaternary environmental conditions? Five dune profiles were sampled for OSL dating at two sites in the northeastern Rub’ al Khali in the southern Arabian Peninsula. The visible stratigraphy was used to guide sampling for three of the profiles and the effectiveness of this approach is assessed. A key finding is that bounding surfaces are not always identifiable as chronological hiatuses by OSL dating, given the level of precision that can be achieved. Using hierarchical relationships visible in two-dimensional exposures is therefore not guaranteed to identify the depositional units necessary to reconstruct dune histories. Comparison of the depositional records from three sampled profiles shows that there is significant variability in chronologies at both the dune and dunefield scales. In light of these findings, the use of ‘range-finder’ OSL dating was investigated as a method of increasing sample throughput in the laboratory. It is concluded that the use of partially prepared samples and shortened measurement techniques can be used to rapidly assess the chronological context of samples and target those units most useful in constructing dune profiles. A new method of presenting dunefield OSL datasets as net accumulation rates, incorporating accumulation thickness rather than relying on the frequency of ages, is presented. Within the last 30 ka, regional accumulation and preservation occurred at ~30-26, 22.5-18, 16-9, 6-2.7, 2.1-1.6, 1.1 and 0.7 ka. In conjunction with numerical model results and a review of other palaeoenvironmental archives, the regional aeolian record is interpreted as a response to changing forcing factors. High rates of net accumulation between ~16-9 ka are attributed to coeval increases in sediment supply and transport capacity. A hiatus in accumulation between ~9-6 ka is interpreted as a result of reduced sediment availability due to high moisture levels. The importance of both external forcing factors and local controls on dune accumulation processes is recognised, and therefore the importance of sampling at multiple locations to distinguish these factors is emphasised.
82

Evaluating spectral radiances simulated by the HadGEM2 global climate model using longwave satellite measurements

Turner, Emma Catherine January 2015 (has links)
A 'model-to-radiance' comparison of simulated brightness temperatures and radiances from the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model 2 (HadGEM2-A) with longwave measurements from the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/4 (HIRS/4) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interfermeter (IASI) onboard the MetOp-A satellite is presented for all-sky and clear-sky global means. The fast Radiative Transfer model for TOVS 10 (RTTOV-10) is applied to HadGEM2 output to simulate observational-equivalent data. The results are compared with corresponding broadband analyses. A method is developed to extend hyperspectral IASI radiances to cover the whole outgoing terrestrial spectrum, in order to identify any compensating biases, and explore wavebands in the unobserved Far Infrared (FIR) region. For the all-sky HIRS analysis, the model overestimates brightness temperatures in the atmospheric window region with the greatest biases over areas associated with deep convective cloud. In contrast to many global climate models, much smaller clear-sky biases are found indicating that model clouds are the dominating source of error. Simulated values in upper atmospheric CO2 channels approximate observations better as a result of compensating cold biases at the poles and warm biases at lower latitudes, due to a poor representation of the Brewer Dobson circulation in the 38 level 'low-top' configuration of the model. Simulated all and clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation evaluated against the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and HIRS OLR products reveal good agreement, in part due to cancellation of positive and negative biases. Through physical arguments relating to the spectral energy balance within a cloud, it is suggested that broadband agreement could be the result of a balance between positive window biases and unseen negative biases originating from the water vapour rotational band in the FIR (not sampled by HIRS). Simple sensitivity tests show that dramatically altering existing cloud properties has little effect on the prominent window biases, however raising clouds a maximum of 5 atmospheric levels minimises the error in cloud contaminated channels, due to the introduction of spatially compensating errors. Sensitivities to the way ice clouds are parameterised in RTTOV-10 display a range of up to 2.5 K in window channels but absolute biases still exceed 3 K for all choices. Because of the lack of satellite based FIR observations due to a technological gap in the spectral region, an algorithm is created to 'fill in' the available data. Correlations between selected IASI channels and simulated unobserved wavelengths in the far infrared are used to estimate radiances between 25.25 - 644.75 cm-1 at 0.5 cm-1 intervals. The same method is used in the 2760 - 3000 cm-1 region. The spectrum is validated by comparing the Integrated Nadir Longwave Radiance (INLR) product (spanning the whole 25.25 - 3000 cm-1 range) with the corresponding broadband measurements from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument on the Terra and Aqua satellites at simultaneous nadir overpasses, revealing mean differences of 0.3 Wm-2sr-1 (0.5% relative difference) lower for IASI relative to CERES and significantly lower biases in nighttime only scenes. Averaged global data over a single month produces mean differences of about 1 Wm-2sr-1 in both the all and the clear-sky (1.2% relative difference). The new high resolution spectrum is presented for global mean clear and total skies where the far infrared is shown to contribute 44% and 47% to the total OLR respectively, which is consistent with previous estimates. In terms of spectral cloud radiative forcing, the FIR contributes 19% and in some subtropical instances appears to be negative, results that would go un-observed with a traditional broadband analysis. The equivalent complete IASI OLR model product is simulated from GCM data using RTTOV-10. The same process of applying predictors to the satellite measurements is applied to the model simulated radiances, with appropriate modifications, to produce a directly comparable model product. Annual mean all-sky radiances are still greatly overestimated at all wavenumbers with a total radiance bias of 4.52 Wm-2 across the whole range. Compensating negative biases outside of the HIRS coverage that were hypothesised are absent, with the far infrared contributing to the overall bias rather than cancelling it. Equivalent clear-sky biases are much lower overall at 0.39 Wm-2, in part due to spectral and spatial cancellation of errors. A flux-to-flux comparison is enabled by estimating the spatial distribution of anisotropic factors, using collated HIRS OLR fluxes and IASI OLR radiances, which yields global mean model fluxes in excess of 12 Wm-2 higher than observations in the all-sky. The difference between this and the fluxes calculated using the climate model's broadband radiation code (Edward-Slingo) are around 10 Wm-2 which is outside the range of uncertainty in the method used to estimate the flux. However, it is discussed that tuning of the climate model's broadband code to known flux values is a required practice to ensure global energy budgets balance but can produce inaccurate parameterised variables. An equivalent analysis adjusting the ice cloud parametrisation to reflect the radiances that have the biggest differences to the original configuration selected showed a bias reduction of 4.5 Wm-2, which is still not enough to completely explain its size, suggesting the existence of residual cloud problems. Finally, it is suggested that the way forward in separating and constraining cloud errors, in both radiative transfer codes, is a rigorous process of testing them with observation cloud properties and reanalysis data as inputs.
83

The evolutionary economic geography of climate change

Hogarth, James Ryan January 2015 (has links)
The evolutionary economic geography of climate change is concerned with the processes by which the landscapes of greenhouse gas emissions and vulnerability to climate change are transformed from within over time. Unlike neoclassical economics, evolutionary economic geography is interested in how economic change is driven by innovation and shaped by structural, historical, and contextual factors at different scales. This thesis articulates an evolutionary economic geography perspective on three debates: (1) What factors influence human systems’ capacity to adapt to climate change, and how can these factors be assessed? (2) What forces drive and inhibit economic change towards low-carbon economies, and how should governments induce and manage such shifts? (3) What role should climate finance play in promoting developing countries’ shifts to low-emitting and climate-resilient economies, and how should it be managed? The thesis includes five academic papers. The first reviews the literature on vulnerability and adaptation. It argues that the adaptive capacity of human systems is constrained by structural and historical factors, and that the rich data necessary to identify these factors can only be obtained through qualitative research methods. The next two papers offer case studies from the Global Islands’ Vulnerability Research Adaptation and Policy Development project, which assess the adaptive capacity of Soufriere, Saint Lucia and Whitehouse, Jamaica, respectively. The fourth paper examines the mechanics of three low-carbon shifts in Brazil: the diffusion of no-till agriculture, the decrease in the deforestation rate in the Amazon, and the growth of the ethanol biofuel industry. It found that the driving forces behind each of the shifts were far more varied and complex than the price-based market dynamics analysed in neoclassical economics. The final paper argues that climate finance will need to perform a variety of functions beyond attracting low-carbon private investment. It concludes that the institutional architecture governing climate finance should enable direct access to national governments to incentivise them to implement sustainable innovation policy regimes.
84

La vitesse du changement climatique et ses implications sur la perception des générations futures / The pace of climate change and its implications on the perception of ongoing generations

Chavaillaz, Yann 18 May 2016 (has links)
Dans la plupart des études, on s'intéresse au changement climatique futur en analysant l'évolution du climat entre une référence actuelle fixée et une période future. Le réchauffement est de plus en plus fort au fil du 21ème siècle. Dans un contexte où les conditions climatiques sont toujours en train d'évoluer, les écosystèmes doivent continuellement s'adapter à des modifications diverses du climat. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, je propose d'analyser les projections climatiques sous un angle alternatif. Afin d’être caractéristique des représentations des populations urbaines et rurales, je définis et analyse des indicateurs liés à la vitesse des changements de température, de précipitations et de végétation. Un ensemble de simulations CMIP5 de 18 modèles de climat est sélectionné. La vitesse est représentée par des différences entre deux périodes successives de 20 ans. Cette notion de vitesse pourrait offrir de nouveaux outils pour interagir avec les communautés scientifiques travaillant sur les impacts et l'adaptation.Sans politiques d’atténuation du changement (scénario RCP8.5), le réchauffement global sera au moins deux fois plus rapide à la fin du siècle qu’actuellement, et même trois fois dans certaines régions. Près de la moitié des surfaces continentales, principalement les zones tropicales, seront touchées par des décalages significatifs de la distribution de la température entre deux périodes de 20 ans d’ici à 2060, i.e. au moins 4 fois plus qu’actuellement. Dans ces régions, des années extrêmement chaudes ayant un temps de retour de 50 ans deviendront habituelles en l’espace de 20 ans seulement. La fraction de la population mondiale étant exposée à ces changements pourrait atteindre environ 60% (i.e. 6 milliards de personnes et 7 fois plus qu’actuellement). Il suffit de relativement légères mesures d’atténuation (RCP6.0) pour que la vitesse du réchauffement ne dépasse pas les valeurs actuelles et que 3 fois moins de personnes soient exposées à des décalages significatifs de température.Les vitesses d’humidification et d’assèchement en termes de précipitations augmenteront de 30 à 40%. Leur répartition géographique deviendra plus stable spatialement et les tendances tendront à persister sur les mêmes régions, et ce malgré l’accélération du réchauffement global. Cette stabilisation résulte de la contribution grandissante des processus thermodynamiques par rapport à ceux contrôlés par la circulation générale. La combinaison de l’accélération des tendances et de leur persistance peut avoir un impact sur l’adaptation des sociétés et des écosystèmes, particulièrement sur le bassin méditerranéen, en Amérique centrale, en Inde et dans les régions arctiques. Une telle évolution est déjà visible actuellement, mais pourrait disparaître avec de fortes mesures d’atténuation (RCP2.6).Les changements de la végétation peuvent être des repères visuels du changement climatique. Dans les moyennes et hautes latitudes Nord, le cycle saisonnier des arbres et des herbacées suit la vitesse du réchauffement. Sans politiques d’atténuation, le début de la saison foliaire avance et sa durée augmente plus rapidement au fil du siècle. La couverture de la végétation se densifie quelque soit le scénario proportionnellement à l’augmentation de la température. Le cycle saisonnier des cultures des moyennes latitudes dépend directement de la température et celui des cultures tropicales de l’évolution des caractéristiques de la saison des pluies. Sous les autres latitudes, aucune évolution robuste du cycle saisonnier n’est projetée. La vitesse des changements de répartition de la végétation a déjà doublé entre 1880 et 1950 correspondant à un changement marqué de l'utilisation des sols. Elle est stable tout au long du siècle si la végétation interagit dynamiquement avec le climat dans les modèles, traduisant un ralentissement du changement de l'utilisation des sols et l'accélération des changements de végétation sous l'effet du changement climatique. / In most climate studies, climate change is approached by focusing on the evolution between a fixed current baseline and a future period, emphasizing stronger warming as we move further over the 21st century. Under climate conditions that are continuously evolving, human and natural systems might have to constantly adapt to a changing climate. This thesis proposes an alternative approach to climate projections. Here, I consider and analyze indicators of the pace of changes relative to temperature, precipitation and vegetation in order to be relevant for both urban and rural populations. An ensemble of CMIP5 simulations from 18 climate models is selected. The pace is represented by differences between two subsequent 20-year periods. Considering the pace of change would be beneficial for climate impacts and adaptation analyses.The models predict that the warming rate strongly increases without any mitigation policies (RCP8.5 scenario). It is twice as high by the end of the century compared to the current period, and even three times higher in some regions. Significant shifts in temperature distributions between two subsequent 20-year periods are projected to involve almost half of all land surfaces and most tropical areas by 2060 onwards (i.e. at least four times as many regions than currently). In these regions, an extremely warm year with a return period of about 50 years would become quite common only 20 years later. The fraction of the world population exposed to such shifts might reach about 60% (6 billion people, i.e. seven times more than currently). Low mitigation measures (RCP6.0) allow the warming rate to be kept at current values, and reduce the fraction of the world population exposed to significant shifts of temperature distributions by one third.Under RCP8.5, rainfall moistening and drying rates both increase by 30-40% above current levels. As we move further over the century, their patterns become geographically stationary and the trends become persistent. The stabilization of the geographical rate patterns that occurs despite the acceleration of global warming can be physically explained: it results from the increasing contribution of thermodynamic processes compared to dynamic processes in the control of precipitation change. The combination of intensification and increasing persistence of precipitation rate patterns may affect the way human societies and ecosystems adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean basin, Central America, South Asia and the Arctic. Such an evolution in precipitation has already become noticeable over the last few decades, but it could be reversed if strong mitigation policies were quickly implemented (RCP2.6).Changes in vegetation could be visual landmarks of climate change. In mid- and high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the phenology of grass and trees follows the warming rate. Without any mitigation policies, the start of spring occurs earlier, and its duration is extended faster as we move over the century. The vegetation cover becomes denser, regardless of the selected pathway, in proportion to the temperature rise. The seasonal cycle of mid-latitude crops also depends on the temperature, and the seasonal cycle of tropical crops directly follows the features of the wet season. In all other latitudes, no robust evolution of the seasonal cycle is projected. The pace of change of vegetation cover since 1880 already doubled before 1950, mainly due to a strong change in land use. This pace is then projected to be stable over the entire 21st century if the vegetation dynamically interacts with the climate system in the models. This corresponds to a reduction of land-use change and to the acceleration of changes of vegetation cover under climate change.
85

Summer climate and heatwaves in Europe / Le climat estival et des vagues de chaleur en Europe

Stegehuis, Annemiek 07 July 2016 (has links)
L’objectif de mon travail de thèse est de contribuer à la compréhension des rôles joués par les interactions sol-atmosphère et par la circulation à grande-échelle dans la formation d’aanomalies de températures estivales en Europe. Cela constitue un double défi du fait de la rareté des observations d’une part et des incertitudes liées aux paramétrages des modèles atmosphériques d’autre part. Je me concentre sur 4 sujets principaux : 1) Comment les interactions sol-atmosphère influencent-elles les projections climatiques et leurs incertitudes ? 2) Comment les paramétrisations atmosphériques influencent les simulations des vagues de chaleur extrêmes ? 3) Quelle importance jouent l’humidité du sol et les circulations atmosphériques sur les anomalies de température estivales? Et 4) Quels sont les impacts des sécheresses et de la chaleur sur la végétation ?Concernant la première question j’ai montré que les différences de partitionnement des flux de chaleur conduisent à un réchauffement spatialement hétérogène et incertain en Europe dans l'avenir. En particulier en Europe centrale, les modèles prédisent une grande gamme de réchauffements en été, alors qu’un relatif accord est obtenu en Europe du Sud. J’ai montré que l'utilisation d’une contrainte sur l’ensemble de projections par des observations des flux de chaleur sensible permet de réduire cette incertitude future au niveau régional jusqu’à 40% dans cette région.En outre, en testant des physiques atmosphériques pour des conditions caniculaires, j’ai constaté une grande variabilité des températures entres toutes les configurations physiques. La température est principalement sous-estimée par rapport aux observations. Le rayonnement à ondes courtes et les précipitations sont généralement surestimées. J’ai sélectionné un sous-ensemble réduit de configurations pour simuler une hausse futures des températures estivales en Europe.Avec la meilleure configuration trouvée j’ai quantifié la contribution de l’humidité du sol au début d’été et les ‘drivers’ à grandes échelle sur les températures estivales. J’ai montré que la contribution de l’humidité du sol peut monter jusqu’à 1°C au maximum pendant les vagues de chaleurs de 2003 et de2010. La contribution des ‘drivers’ à grande échelle est la plus importante, jusqu’à 3°C en 2003 et jusqu’à 6°C en 2010. Toutefois, la contribution de l’humidité du sol en début d’été a augmenté au cours des dernières décennies en Europe centrale et en Russie, correspondant aux régions avec une tendance négative significative de l’humidité du sol. Les ‘drivers’ a grands échelles ont joué un plus grand rôle en Europe de l’Est.Enfin, j’ai étudié les effets des sécheresses et de la chaleur sur la végétation. J’ai trouvé une surestimation de la GPP simulée à l'échelle locale sur un site méditerranéen pendant l’été. Cela indique que le modèle de végétation ne peut pas actuellement reproduire les conséquences complexes du stress hydrique. Pour simuler l'avenir, avec des impacts possiblement plus importants des sécheresses, le modèle doit être adapté avec des processus spécifiques liés aux sécheresses et leurs effets différés. / Through this work I aimed to improve the understanding of the role of land-atmosphere feedbacks and large-scale circulation that lead to warm summer temperatures in Europe. This is challenging due to the scarcity of observations and the uncertainties of parameterized atmospheric processes. I focused on four main issues: 1) How do land-atmosphere feedbacks affect climate projections and their uncertainties? 2) How do different physical parameterizations affect the simulation of extreme heatwaves? 3) How large are the roles of soil moisture and atmospheric circulation in the development of European summer temperature anomalies? And 4) What are the impacts of heat and drought stress on vegetation?Regarding the first question I found that the different partitioning of land heat fluxes between models leads to spatially different warming over Europe in the future. The uncertainty of future climate change was especially high in central Europe, largely due to the uncertainty in heat flux partitioning, while in Southern Europe the models mostly agreed. The use of observation-based sensible heat fluxes allowed to reduce this climate change uncertainty regionally up to 40%.While studying different atmospheric parameterizations for the extreme heatwaves of 2003 and 2010, I found a large temperature spread between the simulations. Compared to observations, temperature was mostly underestimated. Shortwave radiation and precipitation were generally overestimated. I selected a reduced model ensemble of well performing configurations compared to observations, to perform future studies on warm summer temperatures over Europe.The best physics configuration was consequently used to quantify the role of early summer soil moisture and large-scale drivers on summer temperature anomalies. The contribution of soil moisture was up to maximum 1°C during the heatwaves of 2003 and 2010. The contribution of large-scale drivers was larger, reaching up to 3°C in 2003 and up to 6°C in 2010. However, the contribution of early summer soil moisture to the temperature anomalies has been increasing over the last decades over parts of central Europe and Russia, corresponding to the regions with a significant negative trend of soil moisture. Large-scale drivers showed an increasing importance in the Eastern European region.Lastly, I studied the impacts of drought and heat stress on several European forest tree species. I found an overestimation of modeled GPP at a local scale in the Mediterranean region during summer with ORCHIDEE. This indicates that the vegetation model does not well reproduce the complicated consequences of drought stress. To model future, possibly more severe impacts of drought, the model may need to be adapted with drought-specific processes and lagged effects.
86

Adaptation de la viticulture au changement climatique : vers des stratégies à haute résolution / Adaptation of viticulture to climate change : towards high resolutions strategies

Neethling, Etienne 14 December 2016 (has links)
L'adaptation au changement climatique est un défi majeur pour la viticulture. Dans un cadre temporel et spatial approprié, l'objectif de cette thèse était d'améliorer la conception de l’adaptation de la viticulture au changement climatique, dans le but de construire des stratégies à haute résolution. Le cadre méthodologique utilisé dans cette étude est constitué de plusieurs étapes. Par l’utilisation d’un modèle climatique régional, la première étape a été d'évaluer les impacts potentiels des changements climatiques futurs sur viticulture dans la sous-région d’Anjou-Saumur. Le réchauffement attendu de +1.1°C à +3.8°C à l’horizon 2071-2100 devrait entrainer une avancée significative de la phénologie de la vigne. Dans un deuxième temps, deux sites d’études contrastées en Anjou-Saumur ont fait l’objet de mesures climatiques et agronomiques à l’échelle fine des vignobles. Pendant trois années consécutives, la variabilité locale du climat et du comportement de la vigne a été étudiée. Les résultats ont montré une forte variabilité spatiale des conditions climatiques locales, qui s'est traduite par des différences de phénologie de la vigne et de composition des raisins. La connaissance de cette variabilité apparait ainsi comme un outil d’adaptation permettant aux viticulteurs de compenser les effets du changement climatique. Enfin, à l’aide d'entretiens semi-directifs individuels, les perceptions, la vulnérabilité et les processus d'adaptation des viticulteurs à la variabilité climatique et au changement climatique ont été évalués. Dans le contexte du changement climatique et des enjeux concernant l'adaptation, cette thèse a mis en évidence l'importance de la connaissance de l'environnement local et de la compréhension contextuelle dans l'élaboration des stratégies d'adaptation à différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales. / Adaptation to climate change is a major challenge facing the viticulture sector. Within an appropriate temporal and spatial framework, the aim of this thesis was to enhance the conception of climate change adaptation in viticulture, all towards constructing high resolution strategies. The methodological framework used in this study consisted of several steps. Using a regional climate model, the first step was to evaluate the potential impacts of future climate changes on grape growing in the Anjou-Saumur wine growing sub-region. With warming predicted to continue by +1.1°C to +3.8°C in the far future, grapevine phenology is expected to advance significantly. Secondly, two contrasting study areas in Anjou-Saumur were equipped with climatic and agronomic measurements at vineyard-level scales. For three consecutive growing seasons, local variability in climate- and grapevine-related variables were studied. Results have shown a strong spatial variability in local climate conditions, which were reflected on grape phenology and grape composition. This spatial heterogeneity in local conditions should represent an important buffer in response to future climate changes, allowing winegrowers to manage the expected climate change impacts. And finally, wine growers’ perceptions, vulnerability and adaptive processes to climate variability and change were assessed through individual semi-structured interviews. Within the context of climate change and the key issues surrounding adaptation, this thesis have highlighted the importance of local environmental knowledge and contextual understanding in framing adaptation strategies across different temporal and spatial scales.
87

Assimilation variationnelle d'observations multi-échelles : Application à la fusion de données hétérogènes pour l'étude de la dynamique micro et macrophysique des systèmes précipitants / Variationnal assimilation of multi-scale observations : fusion of heterogeneous data for the study of dynamics of rainfall at macro and microscopic scales

Mercier, Francois 05 July 2016 (has links)
D’une part, les instruments permettant de mesurer les précipitations (pluviomètres, radars, etc.) effectuent des mesures de natures différentes et à différentes échelles. Leurs données sont difficilement comparables. D’autre part, les modèles décrivant l’évolution des précipitations sont eux complexes et difficiles à paramétrer et à valider. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons l’assimilation de données afin de coupler des observations hétérogènes des précipitations et des modèles, pour étudier les précipitations et leur variabilité spatiotemporelle à différentes échelles (macrophysique, qui s’intéresse aux cellules de pluie, et microphysique, qui s’intéresse à la distribution en taille des gouttes – DSD – qui les composent). Tout d’abord, nous développons un algorithme permettant de restituer des cartes de précipitations à partir de mesures de l’atténuation causée par la pluie à des ondes provenant de satellites de télévision. Nos restitutions sont validées par rapport à des données radar et pluviomètres sur un cas d’étude dans le sud de la France. Ensuite, nous restituons, toujours par assimilation de données, des profils verticaux de DSD et de vents verticaux à partir de mesures de flux de gouttes au sol (par disdromètres) et de spectres Doppler en altitude (par radar). Nous utilisons ces restitutions sur 3 cas d’étude pour étudier les phénomènes physiques agissant sur les gouttes de pluie durant leur chute et pour évaluer la paramétrisation de ces phénomènes dans les modèles. / On the one hand, the instruments designed to measure rainfall (rain gages, radars, etc.) perform measurements at different scales and of different natures. Their data are hard to compare. On the other hand, models simulating the evolution of rainfall are complex. It is not an easy task to parameterize and to validate them. In this thesis, we use data assimilation in order to couple heterogeneous observations of rainfall and models for studying rain and its spatiotemporal variability at different scales (macrophysical scale, which is interested in rain cells, as well as microphysical scale, which is interested in the drop size distribution – DSD). First, we develop an algorithm able to retrieve rain maps from measurements of attenuation of waves coming from TV satellites due to rainfall. Our retrievals are validated by comparison with radar and rain gages data for a case study in south of France. Second, we retrieve – again with data assimilation – vertical profiles of DSD and vertical winds from measurements of rain drop fluxes on the ground (using a disdrometer) and of Doppler spectra aloft (using a radar). We use these retrievals for 3 case studies to study the physical phenomena acting on rain drops during their fall and to evaluate the parameterization of these phenomena in models.
88

Pertinence et calibration d'un nouveau marqueur paléohydrologique : le rapport isotopique de l'hydrogène mesuré sur la miliacine / Relevancy and calibration of a new paleohydrological proxy based on the hydrogen isotope composition of miliacin

Bossard, Nicolas 20 December 2013 (has links)
Ce travail a pour objectif de développer un nouvel indicateur quantitatif des conditions hydrologiques passées fondé sur la composition isotopique en hydrogène (δD) d’un biomarqueur sédimentaire spécifique du millet commun (Panicum miliaceum), la miliacine. L’étude de la pertinence spatio-temporelle de cet indicateur révèle que le δD miliacine de plants de millet dans un champ, bien que dispersé, suit une loi gaussienne. Le δD miliacine du sol correspond au δD miliacine des plantes cultivées l’année précédente. L’évolution interannuelle du δD miliacine est globallement parallèle à celle du δD des eaux météoriques, les différences pouvant être attribuées à des différences d’humidité. La comparaison des valeurs de δD miliacine dans des sédiments du même âge prélevés sur deux archives distinctes dans le Lac du Bourget témoigne que l’archivage de cet indicateur est intègre de manière homogène les conditions climatiques ayant régné dans le bassin versant. La culture de millet en chambre climatique démontre que, si le δD de l’eau de source est le principal facteur controlant le δD miliacine, ce dernier est très étroitement corrélé au δD de l’eau de la feuille. De légères différences de fractionnement biosynthétique net entre n-alcanes et miliacine sous deux conditions d’humidité laissent supposer que l’analyse combinée de biomarqueurs sédimentaires issus de voies synthétiques distinctes permettrait d’accéder à la fois aux variables paléoenvironnementales clé que sont le δD de l’eau de source et l’humidité. / This work aims at developing a new proxy of past hydrological conditions based on the hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of a sedimentary biomarker that is specific for broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), miliacin. Analysing the spatio-temporal relevancy of this proxy reveals that miliacin δD values of plants cultivated in the field, although dispersed, follow a Gaussian law. Soil miliacin δD values are the same as those found for plants grown the year before. Interannual variations in plant miliacin δD values roughly parallel those of precipitation δD values, slight differences being attributed to differences in relative humidity. The comparison of miliacin δD values in sediments deposited in two distinct settings at the same time in Lake le Bourget attests that this proxy homogeneously integrates climatic conditions over the whole catchment. Cultivation of millet plants in climatic chambers allowed demonstrating that, although source water δD is the principal controlling miliacin δD values, this later is closely correlated to leaf water δD. Slight differences in net biosynthetic fractionation between n-alcanes and miliacin under two relative humidity levels imply that the combined analysis of sedimentary biomarkers produced through distinct biosynthetic pathways could help discriminating between source water δD and relative humidity in paleoenvironmental studies.
89

Holocene climate change in Glen Affric, northern Scotland : a multi-proxy approach

Tisdall, Eileen Wendy January 2000 (has links)
A multi-proxy approach was used to generate a continuous, sensitive Holocene palaeoclimatic record for Glen Affric, north west Scotland. Fluctuations in lake-level were used as a proxy for shifts in precipitation. Rigorous site selection criteria and a new methodology were developed to interpret the lacustrine sediment record in terms of climatically driven changes in water depth by separating (a) allogenic from autogenic sediment inputs and (b) explicitly linking the marginal fen peat system responded to changes in lake-level. The sedimentary record from the lake site, Loch Coulavie, suggests that lake-level has fluctuated repeatedly throughout the Holocene. The comparative magnitude of changes in lake-level defined the relative intensity of shifts in precipitation. Variations in mire surface wetness, as determined through humification analysis, from a series of four hydrologically isolated ombrotrophic blanket mire sites through the east-west trending glen, were used to generate a record of changes in effective precipitation. A reliable radiocarbon chronology obtained from both proxy records allowed the synthesis of these data sets and the definition of Holocene climate change in terms of relative shifts in temperature and precipitation. The data suggests that the early Holocene was more stable in terms of both temperature and precipitation, but that after c. 6200 BP (7200 cal. BP) both temperature and precipitation became highly variable. Several short-lived, abrupt high intensity shifts to increased precipitation occur at c. 6200 BP (7200 cal. BP), c. 5000 BP (5700 cal. BP), c. 3000 BP (3200 cal. BP) and c. 2400 BP (2350 cal. BP). Holocene climatic variability within Glen Affric corresponds to records of changes in North Atlantic oceanic circulation patterns. The predominance of atmospheric systems, such as Atlantic westerlies, may also have controlled spatial climatic variability within the glen, with the periodic establishment of very steep west-east climatic gradients, steeper than at the present day.
90

Lausitzer Neiße - Charakteristik und Klima der Region - / Nysa Łużycka – Klimat i Charakterystyka Regionu –

Lünich, Kathleen, Pluntke, Thomas, Niemand, Corina, Adynkiewicz‐Piragas, Mariusz, Zdralewicz, Iwona, Otop, Irena, Miszuk, Bartłomiej, Kryza, Joana, Lejcuś, Iwona, Strońska, Marzenna 06 May 2015 (has links) (PDF)
In dem EU-Projekt NEYMO – Lausitzer Neiße/Nysa Łużycka – Klimatische und hydrologische Modellierung, Analyse und Prognose – werden gemeinsam mit dem polnischen Projektpartner (IMGW-PIB) die klimatischen und hydrologischen Verhältnisse und das Wasserdargebot im Einzugsgebiet der Lausitzer Neiße untersucht. Schwerpunkt der Broschüre sind die Ergebnisse der Klimaanalyse, bei der das Klima der letzten 40 Jahre sowie verschiedene Klimaprojektionen für die Grenzregion Lausitzer Neiße bis zum Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts betrachtet wurden. Trendtests zeigten, dass bereits in den letzten 40 Jahren Zunahmen der Temperaturen, Sonnenscheindauer und potenziellen Verdunstung beobachtet wurden. Diese Trends werden sich laut der verwendeten Klimaprojektionen weiter fortsetzen. Die Niederschlagsmengen zeigten in der Vergangenheit einen leicht positiven Trend, weisen jedoch in den Projektionsdaten einen Rückgang auf. Aus klimatologischer Sicht verschlechtert sich somit die Wasserverfügbarkeit, insbesondere im Sommerhalbjahr. / W ramach realizacji unijnego projektu „NEYMO Lausitzer Neiße/Nysa Lużycka – Modelowanie klimatyczne i hydrologiczne, Analiza i Prognoza”, wspólnie z polskim partnerem projektu (IMGW-PIB) przeprowadzane są badania dotyczące warunków klimatycznych i hydrologicznych oraz zasobów wodnych regionu zlewni Nysy Łużyckiej. Wielkość zasobów wodnych jest analizowana z uwzględnieniem zarówno zmian warunków klimatycznych, jak i planowanego korzystania z zasobów wodnych w regionie. Na tej podstawie opracowywana jest wspólna strategia ukierunkowana na zwiększenie efektywności gospodarki wodnej w regionie granicznym. Broszura zawiera podstawowe informacje o projekcie, charakterystykę obszaru badań oraz opis klimatu. Warunki klimatyczne regionu granicznego zlewni Nysy Łużyckiej przedstawiono na podstawie obserwacji z ostatnich 40 lat, a także danych z projekcji klimatycznych sięgających końca XXI w. Charakterystyka klimatu została opracowana korzystając z wybranych wskaźników, dotyczących głównie opadów atmosferycznych, suszy oraz warunków radiacyjnych. Trendy zmian dla ostatnich 40 lat wskazują na wzrost temperatury powietrza, usłonecznienia i parowania potencjalnego. Na podstawie opracowanych projekcji klimatycznych można stwierdzić, że tendencja ta zostanie utrzymana również w przyszłości. W przypadku opadów atmosferycznych obserwowany jest słaby trend rosnący. Natomiast projekcje klimatu wskazują, że w przyszłości należy się spodziewać zmniejszenia sum opadów. Z punktu widzenia klimatu, dostępność zasobów wodnych zwłaszcza w miesiącach letnich, może ulec zmniejszeniu.

Page generated in 0.0273 seconds