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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Spatial and temporal patterns of calcium and calmodulin in cultured cells

Thorogate, Richard January 2005 (has links)
No description available.
2

GDI-mediated Cdc42 recycling at polar cortex in dynamic maintenance of cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Das, Arupratan January 2012 (has links)
Cell polarization is a fundamental requirement for development and many physiological processes such as cell motility, stem cell differentiation, immune response and neuronal polarity. Small G-protein Rho GTPase, Cdc42 has long been shown to be the key regulator of the polarization process. In this study we aim to understand how cell maintains an optimum Cdc42 concentration at the polar cortex, and how distinct polarized Cdc42 distribution is achieved based on its recycling pathways taking budding yeast as a model system. Our in depth study revealed that Cdc42 at yeast polar cortex is dynamically maintained via two redundant pathways of distinct response time. A slow pathway dependent on actin-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis and a fast response pathway dependent on Rdil, yeast GDI (guanine dissociation inhibitor) for Rho GTPases. Quantitative imaging and mathematical modeling found both the pathways to be spatially overlapping in order to have physiological Cdc42 distribution. We further demonstrated Cdc42 GTPase cycle as the common regulator of actin and Rdi 1 mediated pathways, a process supports their concentric localization. We further focused on gaining mechanistic insight of Rdil-mediated Cdc42 recycling at polar cortex. Using a high throughput genetic screen, imaging, spectroscopy and mathematical modeling we found that phospholipid asymmetry at the polar cortex regulated by lipid flippase complex (Lem3-Dnfl and Lem3-Dnf2) plays a key role in Rdil mediated fast dissociation of Cdc42 from the polar cortex. Our finding suggests that flipping ofphosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a phospholipid with a positively charged head group, reduces the charge interaction between a Cdc42 C-terminal cationic region with the inner leaflet of the polar cortex, a key step for fast Rdi 1 mediated Cdc42 extraction. In Slems cells the negatively charged phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is enriched in the inner leaflet of plasma membrane, as demonstrated by analysis of Cdc42 mutants with altered charge properties and biosensor for PS. Increase in PS in the inner leaflet increases Cdc42 and plasma membrane charge interaction antagonizing Rdi 1- mediated Cdc42 extraction. Using an in vitro assay with reconstituted supported lipid bilayers, we further demonstrated that relative composition of PE versus PS directly modulates the rate of Cdc42 extraction from the membrane by GDr.
3

The role of Sin1 in mammalian stress-responsive protein kinase signalling

Clark, Lorna Evelyn January 2008 (has links)
Cells respond to changes in their extra- and intracellular environments through the activation of signa ng pamways. Regulatory proteins function to introduce effidency and specifity to falling networks. Sin1 is an evolutionary conserved protein, which could function as a regulator of cell signalling.
4

An interdisciplinary analysis of physical and functional interactions between the NF-kappaB and E2F systems

Ankers, John-Mark January 2009 (has links)
n the post-genomic era oi biological research, integrative studies, examining how lowlevel biological components re-assemble into organised systems are becoming mcreasingly common. Integrative approaches of the past have often been limited by the complexity ot systems ot interest and by the techniques available to visualise' and quantify biological events. Recently there have been significant advances in techniques to measure dynamic and complex intra-cellular phenomena. Importantly, these have included higher-throughput, quantitative experimental approaches using fluorescent protein fusions. It is now possible to take advantage of such quantitative data to construct mathematical models that are capable of simulating the complexities found in many dynamical systems. The success of future systems-level studies lies in the strength of such interdisciplinary approaches.
5

The characterisation of family-13 kinesins in Trypanosoma brucei

Chan, Kuan Yoow January 2008 (has links)
Kinesins are motor proteins involved in the movement of organelles and sub-organelles along microtubule tracks within the cell. Phylogenetic analysis of the 46 kinesin genes coded by the Trypanosoma brucei genome resulted in the grouping of seven kinesin sequences into the Kinesin-13 family. Members of this family have been characterised in a number of model organisms and, unlike most kinesins, do not exhibit microtubule processivity and are capable of depolymerising microtubules. They play important roles in bipolar spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Of the six T. brucei Kinesin-13 proteins that were characterised during this study, only one was found to have a nuclear localisation, while the rest were found localised to the mitochondrion, cell body or flagellum. Attempts to probe the function of these kinesins using RNAi resulted in a reduction of cell growth in three of the six kinesins studied, but no gross changes in cellular morphology were observed. The distinct localisation of five Kinesin-13 family members outside the nucleus suggests that the functional diversity of the Kinesin-13 family is larger than previously thought.
6

Επίδραση ορισμένων ριβοσωματικών συστατικών επί της πρωτεϊνοσύνθεσης και επί εξωριβοσωματικών λειτουργιών του ευκαρυωτικού κυττάρου

Κωνσταντινίδης, Θεόδωρος Χρ. 14 August 2008 (has links)
Ο σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής εστιάζεται στη διερεύνηση της λειτουργίας και της δομής του ευκαρυωτικού ριβοσώματος. Συγκεκριμένα, ερευνά την επίδραση ορισμένων συστατικών του ριβοσωματικού RNA (rRNA) της μεγάλης και της μικρής υπομονάδας του ριβοσώματος αλλά και ορισμένων εξωριβοσωματικών συστατικών επί της πιστής αποκωδικοποίησης της γενετικής πληροφορίας, επί της ικανότητας κατάλυσης του σχηματισμού πεπτιδικού δεσμού, αλλά και επί της μετατόπισης του πεπτιδυλο-tRNA από την Α στην Ρ ριβοσωματική περιοχή. Τέλος, διερευνήθηκε για πρώτη φορά σε ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα, η πιθανότητα συσχέτισης της πιστότητας με την οποία επιτελούν τα κύτταρα τη μετάφραση με την οξειδωτική τους κατάσταση. Η μεθοδολογία που αναπτύχθηκε περιλαμβάνει α) τον προσδιορισμό της συχνότητας λάθους (E.F) in vitro, η οποία αποτελεί μέτρο της πιστότητας της μετάφρασης, β) τον προσδιορισμό της ταχύτητας κατάλυσης του σχηματισμού πεπτιδικού δεσμού που αποτελεί μέτρο της ενεργότητας της ριβοσωματικής πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης και γ) την εξάρτηση του σταδίου μετατόπισης από την συγκέντρωση των διαλυτών πρωτεϊνικών παραγόντων και του κυκλοεξιμιδίου. Επιπλέον, διερευνήθηκε η επίδραση ορισμένων αντιβιοτικών, κυρίως της παρομομυκίνης και του κυκλοεξιμιδίου, in vivo και in vitro. Επίσης, προσδιορίστηκε η ικανότητα συγκρότησης των ριβοσωματικών υπομονάδων, των ακέραιων ριβοσωμάτων και των πολυσωμάτων. Τέλος, προσδιορίστηκαν χαρακτηριστικοί δείκτες της οξειδωτικής κατάστασης του κυττάρου. Παρά το γεγονός ότι συστατικά του rRNA είναι κυρίως υπεύθυνα για τη ριβοσωματική λειτουργία, τα αποτελέσματα της πρώτης ενότητας οδηγούν στο συμπέρασμα ότι η πιστότητα της μετάφρασης, η καταλυτική ενεργότητα αλλά και το στάδιο μετατόπισης της μετάφρασης καθορίζονται ως ένα βαθμό και από εξωριβοσωματικά συστατικά όπως είναι η φωσφατάση σερίνης/θρεονίνης SAL6 και το προϊόν του γονιδίου ASU9. Τα συμπεράσματα της δεύτερης θεματικής ενότητας δίνουν έμφαση στην συνεχή ενδοεπικοινωνία που υφίσταται μεταξύ των δυο ριβοσωματικών υπομονάδων. Πράγματι, ορισμένες μεταλλάξεις στο rRNA της μικρής υπομονάδας του ριβοσώματος επηρεάζουν εκτός από την κύρια λειτουργία αυτής, δηλαδή την αποκωδικοποίηση, και την ταχύτητα σχηματισμού πεπτιδικών δεσμών. Αντίστροφα, ορισμένες μεταλλάξεις στο rRNA της μεγάλης υπομονάδας του ριβοσώματος επηρεάζουν εκτός από την κύρια ενεργότητα αυτής, δηλαδή την ενεργότητα πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης, και την πιστότητα της αποκωδικοποίησης. Ορισμένες εξ αυτών των μεταλλάξεων επηρεάζουν επίσης και το στάδιο της μετατόπισης. Στην τρίτη ενότητα αποδεικνύουμε ότι οι επιρρεπείς σε λάθη μεταλλάξεις παρουσιάζουν χαμηλότερο οξειδωτικό στρες ενώ οι υπερακριβείς μεταλλάξεις παρουσιάζουν υψηλότερο οξειδωτικό στρες. Μια ελκυστική ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων είναι ότι όσο πιο υπερακριβές είναι ένα κύτταρο κατά τη μετάφραση τόσο περισσότερο είναι το ποσό της ενέργειας που πρέπει να καταναλώσει ώστε να εξασφαλίσει την αποφυγή λαθών κατά τη πρωτεϊνοσύνθεση, ελαττώνοντας κατά αυτό τον τρόπο το ποσό ενέργειας με το οποίο θα αντιμετωπίζονταν οι ελεύθερες ρίζες. / The aim of the present diatribe focuses on the function and the structure of the eukaryotic ribosome. Specifically, the influence of several ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residues from the small and the large ribosomal subunit as well as the influence of several extra-ribosomal elements on the accurate decoding of the genetic information, on the catalysis of peptide bond formation and on the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P ribosomal site, is investigated. In the last part, the possible correlation between translational fidelity and the cell’s oxidative status is determined for the first time in eukaryotic cells. The methodology that was applied includes a) the error frequency (E.F) determination that measures translational fidelity, b) the determination of the catalytic rate constant for peptide bond formation that reflects the ribosomal peptidyltransferase activity and c) the dependence of the translocation step on soluble protein factors concentration and on cycloheximide concentration. Moreover, we studied the effects of the antibiotics paromomycin and cycloheximide in vivo and in vitro. The assembly of ribosomal subunits, of ribosomes and of polysomes was also investigated. Finally, typical markers of the cell’s oxidative status were determined. Despite the fact that rRNA residues are mainly responsible for ribosomal function, the results from the first part of the thesis lead to the conclusion that the translational fidelity, the catalytic activity and the translocation step of translation are determined up to a certain level by extra-ribosomal elements such as the serine/threonine phosphatase SAL6 as well as the ASU9 gene product. The conclusions drawn from the second part of the diatribe point to the constant intercommunication between the two ribosomal subunits. Indeed, several mutations in the small ribosomal subunit rRNA not only affect its major function, i.e. the decoding process, but they also affect the rate of peptide bond formation. Reversely, several mutations in the large ribosomal subunit rRNA not only affect its major activity, i.e. the peptidyltransferase activity, but they also affect the accuracy of decoding. Some of these mutations influence also the translocation step of protein synthesis. In the third part, we prove that error-prone mutations display lower oxidative stress whereas the hyperaccurate mutations display higher oxidative stress. An attractive interpretation of these results is that a cell might spend more energy in order to achieve hyperaccuracy during translation thus reducing the amount of energy left in order to combat free radicals.
7

Étude in vitro de l'association du virus de l'hépatite C avec les lipoprotéines de l'hôte / In vitro study of hepatitis C virus association with host lipoproteins

Jammart, Baptiste 21 June 2012 (has links)
Le virus de l’hépatite C (HCV) infecte les hépatocytes. Il est remarquable par le fait q’ilperturbe fortement le metabolisme lipidique de l’hôte, conduisant à des dysfonctions majeures telles qu’une stéatose ou une résistance à l’insuline. In vivo, les virions sériques présentent une densité faible et variable reflétant leur association aux lipoprotéines de faible et de tres faible densité (LDL et VLDL). Ainsi, l'existence de lipo-viro-particules (LVP), contenant à la fois les constituants viraux et les apolipoprotéines B (apoB) et E (apoE) a été suggerée. Ces LVP joueraient un rôle important dans la persistance virale. Cependant, cette association entre HCV et apoB n'a pas été retrouvée in vitro avec les modeles cellulaires disponibles.Mes travaux de thèse se sont donc concentrés sur la mise en place d'un nouveau modèle deculture cellulaire capable de produire a la fois des VLDL et des particules virales HCV, permettantainsi d’étudier l’interaction entre les deux voies de synthèse. Dans un premier temps, lacaracterisation de la production de lipoproteines par differentes lignees d'hepatocytes a permis demontrer l'existence d'un défaut de secretion de VLDL en cellules Huh7.5, classiquement utiliséespour étudier HCV in vitro, alors que les cellules HepG2 et HepaRG sont capables de produire des VLDL physiologiques. Dans un second temps, des cellules HepG2 repliquant HCV de manière persistante ont été utilisées pour caractériser les particules virales produites. Etonnamment, a l'instar des cellules Huh7.5 et malgré leur capacité a produire des VLDL, les cellules HepG2 ne secreteraient pas de LVP mais des particules virales positives pour apoE et négatives pour apoB. / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) mainly infects hepatocytes. It is unique in its ability to impair host lipidmetabolism, leading to major liver dysfunctions as, for instance, hepatic steatosis or insulinresistance. In vivo, serum virions have a low and variable density, reflecting their association withlow- and very-low-density lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL). Hence, the existence of lipo-viro-particles(LVP), containing both viral components as well as apolipoprotein B (apoB) and E (apoE), has beensuggested. These LVPs could play an important role in viral persistence. However, this associationbetween HCV and apoB has not been observed in vitro, using the currently available cell culturemodels.Therefore, during my PhD, I have worked at setting up a new cell culture model, which wascapable of producing both VLDL and HCV particles, and therefore would enable the study of theinterplay between both synthesis pathways. First of all, we characterized lipoprotein production indifferent hepatocyte cell lines and confirmed that Huh7.5 cells, usually used to study HCV in vitro,were deficient for VLDL secretion, whereas two other cell lines, HepG2 and HepaRG, were able toproduce quasi-physiological VLDLs. Therefore, in a second time, we used HepG2 cells to replicate aHCV strain containing a selection gene and to characterize viral particle production. Surprisingly,VLDL-producing HepG2 cells were also unable to secrete LVPs, but rather secreted apoE-positive andapoB-negative viral particles, which were similar to ones Huh7.5 cells produced. This suggests thatthe ability to produce LVPs does not correlate with the ability to produce VLDL.

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