In South Africa water is recognized as a crucial element in the battle against poverty, the cornerstone of prosperity, and a limiting factor to growth. The National Water Act 36 of 1998 recognizes that basic human and environmental needs should be met and that the use of water in all aspects must be sustainable. The Crocodile River (East) is situated in the north east of the Republic of South Africa and it is recognized as a stressed catchment in South Africa. The main impacts are domestic, industrial, agricultural, mining and afforestation activities. These activities pollute the river by discharging effluent as well as seepage from areas that support mining and intensive agriculture in to the river. The river catchment has been a center of research studies for many scientists either focusing on water quality or biological indicators separately. The aim of study was to determine the present ecological condition and the health of the Crocodile River. The objectives were to determine water quality status, identify possible sources of pollution and assess the spatial and temporal trends in ecological state. Fourteen monitoring sites were selected from the Crocodile River and its tributaries. The macro-invertebrates data were collected using the SASS 5 protocol and fish were collected using an electroshocker- catch and release method during high and low flow conditions of the year 2013. Water quality data was obtained by sampling using a polyethylene bottle from different sites within the Crocodile River and its tributaries from September 2012 until August 2013. The samples were analyzed by Mpumamanzi laboratory in Nelspruit and Waterlab in Pretoria. Additional water quality data was obtained from the Department of Water Affairs. Multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze all the data obtained. The multivariate statistical methods indicated that fish and macro-invertebrates species abundance, richness and evenness increase with the river flow distance downstream. Water temperature was one of the leading environmental variables for the structuring of fish and macro-invertebrates assemblage in the Crocodile River and its tributaries. A group formation of site during high and low flow condition by the Bray Curtis similarity and NMDS ordination indicated that many sites share similar macro-invertebrates or fish species. The one way ANOVA analysis indicated that there was no significance difference between macro-invertebrates richness and abundance during both flow conditions but there was a significance difference in fish richness and abundance between the two flow conditions. The PCA indicated that sodium has the highest physico-chemical impact amongst the physico-chemical parameters in the bi-plot followed by ammonium and nitrate. A correlation of physico-chemical parameters such as chlorine, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, sulphate and pH was observed. The levels of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were found to increase longitudinally as the river flows downstream. The dominance of single species within the macro-invertebrates and fish communities was an indication of imbalance of the communities within the sites. The presence of the macro-invertebrate family Beatidae and the fish species Chiloglanis pretoriae at sites CR3 and CR4 indicates a good water quality in the upper reaches during low flow condition as these species are sensitive to changes in water quality, while the presence of the macro-invertebrate family Pleidea and fish species Barbus viviparus at sites CR10 and KR1 during low flow condition indicated possible water pollution as these species tolerate changes in water quality and this was linked to the discharge of effluent from industrial, abandoned mines and run-offs from agricultural activities in the downstream reaches of the river. The low flow condition was dominated by sensitive species especially in the upper reaches than during high flow condition. The macro-invertebrates assessment index indicated that during low flow condition the Crocodile River was mostly at ecological class B (largely natural with few modification) above the Kwena dam, but from downstream of the dam the ecological category was in C class (moderately modified), while its tributaries are in ecological category B (largely natural with few modification). The fish response assessment index indicated that the ecological category for fish was mostly at C class (moderately modified) in the Crocodile River. The changes in macro-invertebrates communities and fish in the Crocodile River were believed to be associated with change of water quality and habitat modification due to flow modification. Agricultural activities in the upper reaches and a combination of industrial and mining activities in the middle and lower reaches of the Crocodile River were believed to be the sources of pollution that results in the change of water quality, fish and macro-invertebrates assemblage in the Crocodile River. Investing in the health of the Crocodile River is important for many Mbombela citizens and river dwellers as they rely on the functioning of the river for survival. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

In South Africa water is recognized as a crucial element in the battle against poverty, the cornerstone of prosperity, and a limiting factor to growth. The National Water Act 36 of 1998 recognizes that basic human and environmental needs should be met and that the use of water in all aspects must be sustainable. The Crocodile River (East) is situated in the north east of the Republic of South Africa and it is recognized as a stressed catchment in South Africa. The main impacts are domestic, industrial, agricultural, mining and afforestation activities. These activities pollute the river by discharging effluent as well as seepage from areas that support mining and intensive agriculture in to the river. The river catchment has been a center of research studies for many scientists either focusing on water quality or biological indicators separately. The aim of study was to determine the present ecological condition and the health of the Crocodile River. The objectives were to determine water quality status, identify possible sources of pollution and assess the spatial and temporal trends in ecological state. Fourteen monitoring sites were selected from the Crocodile River and its tributaries. The macro-invertebrates data were collected using the SASS 5 protocol and fish were collected using an electroshocker- catch and release method during high and low flow conditions of the year 2013. Water quality data was obtained by sampling using a polyethylene bottle from different sites within the Crocodile River and its tributaries from September 2012 until August 2013. The samples were analyzed by Mpumamanzi laboratory in Nelspruit and Waterlab in Pretoria. Additional water quality data was obtained from the Department of Water Affairs. Multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze all the data obtained. The multivariate statistical methods indicated that fish and macro-invertebrates species abundance, richness and evenness increase with the river flow distance downstream. Water temperature was one of the leading environmental variables for the structuring of fish and macro-invertebrates assemblage in the Crocodile River and its tributaries. A group formation of site during high and low flow condition by the Bray Curtis similarity and NMDS ordination indicated that many sites share similar macro-invertebrates or fish species. The one way ANOVA analysis indicated that there was no significance difference between macro-invertebrates richness and abundance during both flow conditions but there was a significance difference in fish richness and abundance between the two flow conditions. The PCA indicated that sodium has the highest physico-chemical impact amongst the physico-chemical parameters in the bi-plot followed by ammonium and nitrate. A correlation of physico-chemical parameters such as chlorine, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, sulphate and pH was observed. The levels of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were found to increase longitudinally as the river flows downstream. The dominance of single species within the macro-invertebrates and fish communities was an indication of imbalance of the communities within the sites. The presence of the macro-invertebrate family Beatidae and the fish species Chiloglanis pretoriae at sites CR3 and CR4 indicates a good water quality in the upper reaches during low flow condition as these species are sensitive to changes in water quality, while the presence of the macro-invertebrate family Pleidea and fish species Barbus viviparus at sites CR10 and KR1 during low flow condition indicated possible water pollution as these species tolerate changes in water quality and this was linked to the discharge of effluent from industrial, abandoned mines and run-offs from agricultural activities in the downstream reaches of the river. The low flow condition was dominated by sensitive species especially in the upper reaches than during high flow condition. The macro-invertebrates assessment index indicated that during low flow condition the Crocodile River was mostly at ecological class B (largely natural with few modification) above the Kwena dam, but from downstream of the dam the ecological category was in C class (moderately modified), while its tributaries are in ecological category B (largely natural with few modification). The fish response assessment index indicated that the ecological category for fish was mostly at C class (moderately modified) in the Crocodile River. The changes in macro-invertebrates communities and fish in the Crocodile River were believed to be associated with change of water quality and habitat modification due to flow modification. Agricultural activities in the upper reaches and a combination of industrial and mining activities in the middle and lower reaches of the Crocodile River were believed to be the sources of pollution that results in the change of water quality, fish and macro-invertebrates assemblage in the Crocodile River. Investing in the health of the Crocodile River is important for many Mbombela citizens and river dwellers as they rely on the functioning of the river for survival. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)