The maintenance of cooperation and altruism in the face of manipulation by exploitative cheaters that reap the benefits of cooperative acts without paying the associated costs is a conundrum in evolutionary biology. Cheaters should spread through a population causing it to crash, yet cooperation is common. There are many models and theories that attempt to explain this apparent contradiction. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, like many microbial species has been used as a model organism to test these theories and to begin to understand the genetic mechanisms behind social behaviours. The aim of this PhD project is to quantify the interactions that occur between naturally-occurring genotypes during social competition in order to identify the types of cheating behaviours and to understand the evolutionary consequences of such behaviours. I first demonstrate that there is a social hierarchy of genotypes and that cheaters can increase their own fitness by increasing their own spore allocation or decreasing their partner's allocation the precise nature of which is dependent upon unique interactions between each competing pair. I also show that the outcome of social competition is dependent upon the physical environment where it can be significantly reduced, or even avoided by segregation of genotypes during development. Finally, it is demonstrated in a collaborative project that much of the observed social behaviour can be explained in terms of the production of and response to developmental signals.

T. gondii interfère avec l'activation des voies de signalisation de NF-kB des cellules hôtes. Ainsi, lors de l’infection par T. gondii, 85% des gènes dépendant de NF-kB sont up-régulés. Un autre facteur de transcription dont l’expression est modulée par le parasite est UHRF1 (Ubiquitin-like,containing PHD and RING finger domains, 1). UHRF1, en se fixant sur le promoteur du gène de la cycline b, induit une répression épigénétique de ce dernier conduisant à un arrêt du cycle cellulaire des cellules infectées en phase G2 et à un arrêt de la prolifération parasitaire. L’analyse in silico du promoteur du gène uhrf1 a montré qu’il possédait 9 sites de fixation de NF-kB. Effectivement nous avons démontré que NF-kB interagit avec le promoteur du gène uhrf1 lors d’une infection par T. gondii. L’expression d’UHRF1 serait donc modulée par NF-kB dans les cellules infectées par T. gondii. Or NF-kB a une régulation différentielle en fonction de la nature de la souche infectante. Là encore, nous avons pu observer une régulation différentielle d’UHRF1 selon la nature de la souche infectante, pouvant être dues à la régulation souche dépendante de NF-kB. La détermination du rôle précis de l’activation d’UHRF1 dans les cellules infectées et l’identification du ou des facteurs parasitaires responsables pourraient permettre de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de persistance intracellulaire du parasite et de découvrir de nouveaux points d’impact thérapeutiques. / T.gondii interferes with the activation of NF-kB signaling pathways. Thus, upon infection by T.gondii, 85% of genes NF-kB-dependent are up-regulated. Another transcription factor whose expression is modulated by the parasite is UHRF1 (Ubiquitin-like, Containing PHD and RINGfinger domains, 1). UHRF1, bind to the gene promoter of cyclin b and induces epigenetic repression of this gene leading to cell cycle arrest in G2 phase of infected cells and stop the proliferation in both infected cells and parasite. In silico analysis of the uhrf1 gene promoter has been shown to possess 9 binding sites of NF-kB. Our study showed that NF-kB actually interacts with the promoter of gene uhrf1 during infection with T. gondii. This suggests that the expression of UHRF1 is modulated by NF-kB in T. gondii-infected cells. In addition we observed differential regulation of UHRF1 depending on the nature of the infecting strain. These variations may also be due to already well-known differential regulation of NF-kB by different strains of T.gondii. Determining the precise role of UHRF1 activation in infected cells and the identification of the parasitic factor responsible of this activation would allow to a better understanding of the mechanisms of intracellular persistence of the parasite and allow to unravel new therapeutic trails.