Sub-Saharan Africa is believed to possess more human genetic diversity than any other region of the world, a likely consequence of it being the probable place of origin of anatomically modern man. Despite its evolutionary importance studies into the distribution of this genetic variation have been somewhat limited in comparison to Europe, Asia and the Americas, especially with respect to fine-scale studies that would help elucidate local histories and the consequences of ethnic and linguistic interactions. Another possible consequence of knowledge of genetic diversity is that much information of functionally important genetic variants that are potentially relevant to pharmacogenetic research is not available. This lack of information can add to an already prevalent Eurocentric ascertainment bias in current knowledge of genetic variation, depriving sub-Saharan Africa communities of the potential medical benefits pharmacogenetics has to offer. This thesis describes three case studies that form part of an investigation into human genetic variation in sub-Saharan Africa. Chapter 2 uses sex-specific genetic systems to successfully differentiate between two alternative oral histories of the ethnogenesis of the Nso’ people of Cameroon. Chapter 3 establishes that substantial male and female gene flow has occurred among the peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria, a region that includes multiple ethnic groups speaking distinct languages that appear to have separated hundreds and thousands of years ago. Chapter 3 demonstrates that the drug metabolising enzyme Flavin-containing Monooxygenase 2, which has been shown to be non-functional in all Europeans and Asian individuals collected to date, has a putative functional allele in approximately one third of sub-Saharan Africans, a finding that may have important implications for therapeutic intervention strategies and xenobiotic exposure. This thesis demonstrates inter alia the value of conducting genetic studies in sub-Saharan Africa using large datasets of well known provenance.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Donor cell mitochondrial DNA (D-mtDNA) outcomes in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-embryos, foetuses and offspring are variable. The factors that regulate D-mtDNA transmission and its influence ,post-SCNT are uncertain. Therefore, ovine primary foetal fibroblast (PDFF2 and SSFl) cells were depleted of their mtDNA to varying degrees using low concentrations of ethidium bromide. JC 1 staining, transmission electron microscopy, reverse transcription PCR, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting were used to determine the effects of mtDNA-depletion on the ovine cells prior to SCNT. PDFF2 cells containing full (PDFF2 mtDNA), partially-depleted (PDFF2 mtDNAPD ) and almost completely depleted (PDFF2 mtDNA 0) mtDNA complements were used successfully to produce SCNT -embryos up to the hatched blastocyst stage. Quantitative allele-specific-real time PCR analysis revealed that 74% of the PDFF2 SCNT-embryos contained D-mtDNA (range 0.01 to 8.72%). Furthermore, the persistence (P < 0.002) and amount of D-mtDNA (P < 0.007) was significantly reduced in PDFF2 mtDNA 0 embryos compared to PDFF2 mtDNA+ embryos, although their blastocyst formation rates and number of cell per blastocyst were similar. In order to verify the PDFF2 SCNT-embryo outcomes, another set of SCNTembryos was produced using SSFI cells ~ontaining full (SSFI mtDNA+) and almost completely depleted (SSFI mtDNAo) mtDNA complements. 86% of the SSFI SCNT-embryos contained D-mtDNA (range 0.01 to 1.19%) and the amount ofD-mtDNA was reduced, though not significantly, in the SSFI mtDNAo embryos compared to the SSFI mtDNA + embryos. Interestingly, the SSFI mtDNA 0 blastocysts contained significantly more cells than SSFI mtDNA+ blastocysts (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data show that: I) persistent D-mtDNA is a common feature following ovine SCNT; 2) D-mtDNA outcomes in ovine SCNT -embryos are influenced by the amount of mtDNA in the nuclear donor cells, 3) small amounts of D-mtDNA « 9%) in ovine SCNT-embryos do not influence their blastocyst formation rates, and finally 4) depending on the cell line, using nuclear donors almost completely depleted ofmtDNA increases ovine SCNT -blastocyst cell number and therefore could enhance their developmental competence.

The human macula is essential for precise vision. It contains many more cone photoreceptors than the peripheral retina, especially in the fovea. Cones are known to express specific opsins and other proteins that form part of the phototransduction cascade. However, relatively little is known about retinal macular gene expression compared with the rod-rich peripheral retina. I obtained human donor eyes and used foveo-macular and macular punches and sections of peripheral retina to study differential gene expression. I combined multiple microarray experiments with quantitative PCR, statistical, and bioinformatic analyses. I identified several known and previously unidentified retinal genes that are more abundant in the macula. I went on to characterize proteins encoded by histone deacetylase 9 and the morpheus gene family. Both were expressed in the human macula, especially in the photoreceptors. Several other genes also provided insight into the mechanisms of precise vision and its maintenance. Genes identified by this approach are excellent candidates for macular disease.

There is mounting experimental evidence that the manipulation and extended culture of human and animal gametes and preimplantation embryos in vitro can result in epigenetic disruption. In humans, a number of surveys also suggest that these changes may bring about an increased incidence of imprinting diseases such as Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome following the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Similarly, Large Offspring Syndrome caused by the aberrant methylation of the imprinted 19f2r gene is a well characterised risk following in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in domestic animals. This background has led us to hypothesise that the technologies used for assisted reproduction in humans may alter gene expression during early human embryo development in vitro. Initial experiments were conducted to map the expression of key genes responsible for the establishment of methylation patterns in the human germline. Expression patterns of the DNA methyltransferases DNMTI, DNMT2, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and DNM3L and methyl domain binding proteins MBD1, MBD2, MBD3, MBD4 and MeCP2 were analysed in human cDNA libraries generated from oocytes and somatic cells from across all stages of human folliculogenesis and preimplantation development. It was found that the expression pattern of DNMT3L differed significantly from that found in previous murine work as expression only occurred following fertilisation. The expression of three PeG genes with essential functions during preimplantation and gastrulation in the mouse, EZH2, EED and YY1 was found to be expressed in the human at similar stages to their essential murine functions. The expression of further PeG and HOX genes including HP 1 HSα, β and γ and HOX AI, A4, A5, A 7, A10, B4, B7, C6, CB, C9, DB, CDX2, GBXI and HEX within the same tissues was characterised by the use of degenerate primers enabling an expression profile for these genes in the human germline to be established. Finally, a novel approach to analyse imprinted gene networks using a focussed microarray covering all the known human imprinted genes and epigenetic regulators along with appropriate controls was tested. This experimental series used a custom designed array. After careful characterisation, this array elicited varying expression patterns between human inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm samples and the ICM and early passage human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Human blastocysts following intracytoplasmic sperm injection and IVF were also contrasted. Real time PCR confirmed the array's findings of upregulation of GNAS, KCNQIDN and SLC22Al8 and downregulation of CD81, DNMT3A2, IPW, MAGEL2, PAR5, PAR-SN, UBE3A and ZNF264 with increasing passage number in hESCs. These studies aim to increase our understanding of early human development and eventually contribute to the improvement of the success rates of these ARTs.

L’étude des formes familiales de syndrome néphrotique (SN) ou de protéinurie glomérulaire avec lésions histologiques de hyalinose segmentaire et focale (HSF) a permis d’incriminer plus d’une vingtaine de gènes, majoritairement exprimés par le podocyte, cellule principale de la barrière de filtration glomérulaire (BFG). Parmi ces gènes, près d’une dizaine code des régulateurs du cytosquelette d’actine démontrant ainsi le rôle central de la plasticité et de l’architecture du podocyte dans le fonctionnement du filtre glomérulaire. L’ensemble de ces travaux a permis de définir une nouvelle catégorie de maladies nommées podocytopathies héréditaires. Mon projet de thèse a porté sur la caractérisation de plusieurs gènes (TTC21B, WDR73, TRIM3), dont nous avons identifié des mutations dans des cas de podocytopathies héréditaires isolées ou syndromiques. Les résultats du premier volet de ma thèse ont montré que la mutation faux sens p.P209L dans le gène TTC21B induit à l’état homozygote une nouvelle entité clinique associant à la fois une atteinte glomérulaire et une atteinte tubulaire. TTC21B code l’IFT139 (intraflagellar transport protein 139), une protéine impliquée dans le transport protéique antérograde dans le cil primaire, un organite présent à la surface de la plupart des cellules épithéliales. Ces résultats étaient inattendus car l’identification de mutations dans un gène codant une protéine ciliaire n’avait jamais été démontrée auparavant dans des cas de podocytopathies héréditaires, et surtout, il ne semblait pas exister de cil primaire à la surface des podocytes matures. Effectivement, nous avons montré que le cil primaire est présent dans les podocytes humains indifférenciés, mais disparait au cours de la différenciation. Nos résultats ont permis de comprendre l’apparente contradiction entre la survenue d’une pathologie glomérulaire relativement tardive (protéinurie et SN à l’adolescence) et l’absence de cil dans le podocyte mature. En effet, nous avons montré que la mutation p.P209L est une mutation hypomorphe qui induit des défauts mineurs dans la fonction ciliaire, alors qu’elle provoque, dans le podocyte différencié, une déstructuration importante du réseau d’actine et de microtubules du podocyte. Cette étude montre que la protéine ciliaire IFT139, par sa fonction extra-ciliaire, permet de réguler la dynamique des microtubules. Dans le deuxième volet de mon projet, en collaboration avec l’équipe de D Bonneau (Angers), nous avons identifié des mutations tronquantes dans le gène WDR73, dans deux familles non apparentées présentant un syndrome de Galloway-Mowat (SGM), pathologie de transmission autosomique récessive, très hétérogène cliniquement, associant SN et microcéphalie. Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier le premier gène impliqué dans le SGM, dans un sous-groupe de patients présentant un phénotype neurologique très homogène (microcéphalie post-natale, atrophie corticale avec atrophie cérébelleuse majeure, déficience intellectuelle très sévère), alors que l’atteinte glomérulaire est très variable. Ce gène code WDR73, une protéine à motifs WD40. Nos travaux ont montré que la protéine est exprimée dans les neurones du système nerveux central, en particulier dans les cellules de Purkinje du cervelet et dans les podocytes. Des études fonctionnelles nous ont permis de montrer que WDR73 est impliquée dans la survie cellulaire, puisqu’en son absence, une apoptose accrue est observée dans les fibroblastes de patients. De plus, elle est également nécessaire au maintien de la dynamique des microtubules dans les fibroblastes et dans les podocytes différenciés, alors qu’elle ne semble pas avoir de rôle dans la régulation de l’actine. (...) / The genetic study of familial forms of nephrotic syndrome or proteinuria with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis has permitted the identification of 30 causal genes, mainly expressed in the podocyte, which is the principal actor of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Among those genes, approximately ten encode actin cytoskeleton regulators and components, thus highlighting the dramatic role of the podocyte architecture and plasticity in the function of the GFB. During the last decade, all the accumulating results, has made a new category of disease called hereditary podocytopathies. The aim of my thesis project was to characterize the effect of mutations in three candidate genes (TTC21B, WDR73, WDR73), identified by whole exome sequencing in isolated or syndromic podocytopathies. In the first part of my project, we found a homozygous missense mutation (p.P209L) in TTC21B, which encodes a ciliary gene named Intraflagellar transport protein IFT139. This protein ensures the trafficking of components from the tip to the base of the primary cilium, which is an organelle present on most mammalian epithelial cells. These results were unexpected because until now, the existence of the primary cilium was unknown. Our work demonstrates the presence of the primary cilium in the human immature podocyte that disappears once podocytes have differentiated. We also showed that IFT139 localized at the basal body and then relocalized along the complex microtubule network of differenciated cells. We showed that the hypomorphic mutation p.P209L causes minor ciliary defects in undifferentiated cells that are not responsible for the glomerular phenotype. Indeed, the glomerular lesions are rather due to drastic damage in actin and, microtubular dysregulation, found in differentiated podocytes. The second part of my thesis aimed to characterize the effects of truncating mutations identified in the WDR73 gene, found in two families. WDR73 is the first gene identified in Galloway Mowat syndrome by whole exome sequencing combined with homozygous mapping. This rare disease is defined by the association of microcephaly with nephrotic syndrome. In this study, the phenotypes of patients with WDR73 mutations are homogenous concerning neurological features, and are heterogeneous with regards to the renal defects. Thus, WDR73 mutations are responsible for a subset of particular patients affected with Galloway-Mowat syndrome. The WDR73 gene encodes WDR73, a WD-40 containing protein of unknown function. Our studies demonstrated that this protein is expressed in both neurons and podocytes in human tissues. We demonstrated that in undifferentiated cells, WDR73 is weakly expressed in the cytosol, while strong expression and relocalization to the spindle pole, microtubule asters and in the cleavage furrow occur during mitosis. Patient fibroblasts and WDR73-depleted podocytes displayed defects in nuclear morphology, which was associated with a decrease in cell survival in patient fibroblasts. Furthermore, we showed that patient fibroblasts and differentiated WDR73-depleted podocytes harbored an atypical morphology associated with a disorganized microtubule network, suggesting microtubule polymerization defects. Our functional studies demonstrated that WDR73 is crucial in both cell survival and microtubule polymerization in neurons and podocytes. The final part of my PhD work focused on the characterization of a missense mutation in the TRIM3 gene R28W identified by whole exome sequencing in a non consanguineous family with autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. TRIM3 encodes TRIM3, an E3 ubiquitin-ligase that plays a role in transferrin endosomal recycling, and in microtubule trafficking via KIF21B, one of its known partners. Interestingly, the polymorphism V801M in ACTN4 co-segrates with the disease. Furthermore, mutations in this gene were already incriminated in autosomal dominant cases of HSF. (...)

L’étude des formes familiales de syndrome néphrotique (SN) ou de protéinurie glomérulaire avec lésions histologiques de hyalinose segmentaire et focale (HSF) a permis d’incriminer plus d’une vingtaine de gènes, majoritairement exprimés par le podocyte, cellule principale de la barrière de filtration glomérulaire (BFG). Parmi ces gènes, près d’une dizaine code des régulateurs du cytosquelette d’actine démontrant ainsi le rôle central de la plasticité et de l’architecture du podocyte dans le fonctionnement du filtre glomérulaire. L’ensemble de ces travaux a permis de définir une nouvelle catégorie de maladies nommées podocytopathies héréditaires. Mon projet de thèse a porté sur la caractérisation de plusieurs gènes (TTC21B, WDR73, TRIM3), dont nous avons identifié des mutations dans des cas de podocytopathies héréditaires isolées ou syndromiques. Les résultats du premier volet de ma thèse ont montré que la mutation faux sens p.P209L dans le gène TTC21B induit à l’état homozygote une nouvelle entité clinique associant à la fois une atteinte glomérulaire et une atteinte tubulaire. TTC21B code l’IFT139 (intraflagellar transport protein 139), une protéine impliquée dans le transport protéique antérograde dans le cil primaire, un organite présent à la surface de la plupart des cellules épithéliales. Ces résultats étaient inattendus car l’identification de mutations dans un gène codant une protéine ciliaire n’avait jamais été démontrée auparavant dans des cas de podocytopathies héréditaires, et surtout, il ne semblait pas exister de cil primaire à la surface des podocytes matures. Effectivement, nous avons montré que le cil primaire est présent dans les podocytes humains indifférenciés, mais disparait au cours de la différenciation. Nos résultats ont permis de comprendre l’apparente contradiction entre la survenue d’une pathologie glomérulaire relativement tardive (protéinurie et SN à l’adolescence) et l’absence de cil dans le podocyte mature. En effet, nous avons montré que la mutation p.P209L est une mutation hypomorphe qui induit des défauts mineurs dans la fonction ciliaire, alors qu’elle provoque, dans le podocyte différencié, une déstructuration importante du réseau d’actine et de microtubules du podocyte. Cette étude montre que la protéine ciliaire IFT139, par sa fonction extra-ciliaire, permet de réguler la dynamique des microtubules. Dans le deuxième volet de mon projet, en collaboration avec l’équipe de D Bonneau (Angers), nous avons identifié des mutations tronquantes dans le gène WDR73, dans deux familles non apparentées présentant un syndrome de Galloway-Mowat (SGM), pathologie de transmission autosomique récessive, très hétérogène cliniquement, associant SN et microcéphalie. Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier le premier gène impliqué dans le SGM, dans un sous-groupe de patients présentant un phénotype neurologique très homogène (microcéphalie post-natale, atrophie corticale avec atrophie cérébelleuse majeure, déficience intellectuelle très sévère), alors que l’atteinte glomérulaire est très variable. Ce gène code WDR73, une protéine à motifs WD40. Nos travaux ont montré que la protéine est exprimée dans les neurones du système nerveux central, en particulier dans les cellules de Purkinje du cervelet et dans les podocytes. Des études fonctionnelles nous ont permis de montrer que WDR73 est impliquée dans la survie cellulaire, puisqu’en son absence, une apoptose accrue est observée dans les fibroblastes de patients. De plus, elle est également nécessaire au maintien de la dynamique des microtubules dans les fibroblastes et dans les podocytes différenciés, alors qu’elle ne semble pas avoir de rôle dans la régulation de l’actine. (...) / The genetic study of familial forms of nephrotic syndrome or proteinuria with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis has permitted the identification of 30 causal genes, mainly expressed in the podocyte, which is the principal actor of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Among those genes, approximately ten encode actin cytoskeleton regulators and components, thus highlighting the dramatic role of the podocyte architecture and plasticity in the function of the GFB. During the last decade, all the accumulating results, has made a new category of disease called hereditary podocytopathies. The aim of my thesis project was to characterize the effect of mutations in three candidate genes (TTC21B, WDR73, WDR73), identified by whole exome sequencing in isolated or syndromic podocytopathies. In the first part of my project, we found a homozygous missense mutation (p.P209L) in TTC21B, which encodes a ciliary gene named Intraflagellar transport protein IFT139. This protein ensures the trafficking of components from the tip to the base of the primary cilium, which is an organelle present on most mammalian epithelial cells. These results were unexpected because until now, the existence of the primary cilium was unknown. Our work demonstrates the presence of the primary cilium in the human immature podocyte that disappears once podocytes have differentiated. We also showed that IFT139 localized at the basal body and then relocalized along the complex microtubule network of differenciated cells. We showed that the hypomorphic mutation p.P209L causes minor ciliary defects in undifferentiated cells that are not responsible for the glomerular phenotype. Indeed, the glomerular lesions are rather due to drastic damage in actin and, microtubular dysregulation, found in differentiated podocytes. The second part of my thesis aimed to characterize the effects of truncating mutations identified in the WDR73 gene, found in two families. WDR73 is the first gene identified in Galloway Mowat syndrome by whole exome sequencing combined with homozygous mapping. This rare disease is defined by the association of microcephaly with nephrotic syndrome. In this study, the phenotypes of patients with WDR73 mutations are homogenous concerning neurological features, and are heterogeneous with regards to the renal defects. Thus, WDR73 mutations are responsible for a subset of particular patients affected with Galloway-Mowat syndrome. The WDR73 gene encodes WDR73, a WD-40 containing protein of unknown function. Our studies demonstrated that this protein is expressed in both neurons and podocytes in human tissues. We demonstrated that in undifferentiated cells, WDR73 is weakly expressed in the cytosol, while strong expression and relocalization to the spindle pole, microtubule asters and in the cleavage furrow occur during mitosis. Patient fibroblasts and WDR73-depleted podocytes displayed defects in nuclear morphology, which was associated with a decrease in cell survival in patient fibroblasts. Furthermore, we showed that patient fibroblasts and differentiated WDR73-depleted podocytes harbored an atypical morphology associated with a disorganized microtubule network, suggesting microtubule polymerization defects. Our functional studies demonstrated that WDR73 is crucial in both cell survival and microtubule polymerization in neurons and podocytes. The final part of my PhD work focused on the characterization of a missense mutation in the TRIM3 gene R28W identified by whole exome sequencing in a non consanguineous family with autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. TRIM3 encodes TRIM3, an E3 ubiquitin-ligase that plays a role in transferrin endosomal recycling, and in microtubule trafficking via KIF21B, one of its known partners. Interestingly, the polymorphism V801M in ACTN4 co-segrates with the disease. Furthermore, mutations in this gene were already incriminated in autosomal dominant cases of HSF. (...)

L’étude des formes familiales de syndrome néphrotique (SN) ou de protéinurie glomérulaire avec lésions histologiques de hyalinose segmentaire et focale (HSF) a permis d’incriminer plus d’une vingtaine de gènes, majoritairement exprimés par le podocyte, cellule principale de la barrière de filtration glomérulaire (BFG). Parmi ces gènes, près d’une dizaine code des régulateurs du cytosquelette d’actine démontrant ainsi le rôle central de la plasticité et de l’architecture du podocyte dans le fonctionnement du filtre glomérulaire. L’ensemble de ces travaux a permis de définir une nouvelle catégorie de maladies nommées podocytopathies héréditaires. Mon projet de thèse a porté sur la caractérisation de plusieurs gènes (TTC21B, WDR73, TRIM3), dont nous avons identifié des mutations dans des cas de podocytopathies héréditaires isolées ou syndromiques. Les résultats du premier volet de ma thèse ont montré que la mutation faux sens p.P209L dans le gène TTC21B induit à l’état homozygote une nouvelle entité clinique associant à la fois une atteinte glomérulaire et une atteinte tubulaire. TTC21B code l’IFT139 (intraflagellar transport protein 139), une protéine impliquée dans le transport protéique antérograde dans le cil primaire, un organite présent à la surface de la plupart des cellules épithéliales. Ces résultats étaient inattendus car l’identification de mutations dans un gène codant une protéine ciliaire n’avait jamais été démontrée auparavant dans des cas de podocytopathies héréditaires, et surtout, il ne semblait pas exister de cil primaire à la surface des podocytes matures. Effectivement, nous avons montré que le cil primaire est présent dans les podocytes humains indifférenciés, mais disparait au cours de la différenciation. Nos résultats ont permis de comprendre l’apparente contradiction entre la survenue d’une pathologie glomérulaire relativement tardive (protéinurie et SN à l’adolescence) et l’absence de cil dans le podocyte mature. En effet, nous avons montré que la mutation p.P209L est une mutation hypomorphe qui induit des défauts mineurs dans la fonction ciliaire, alors qu’elle provoque, dans le podocyte différencié, une déstructuration importante du réseau d’actine et de microtubules du podocyte. Cette étude montre que la protéine ciliaire IFT139, par sa fonction extra-ciliaire, permet de réguler la dynamique des microtubules. Dans le deuxième volet de mon projet, en collaboration avec l’équipe de D Bonneau (Angers), nous avons identifié des mutations tronquantes dans le gène WDR73, dans deux familles non apparentées présentant un syndrome de Galloway-Mowat (SGM), pathologie de transmission autosomique récessive, très hétérogène cliniquement, associant SN et microcéphalie. Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier le premier gène impliqué dans le SGM, dans un sous-groupe de patients présentant un phénotype neurologique très homogène (microcéphalie post-natale, atrophie corticale avec atrophie cérébelleuse majeure, déficience intellectuelle très sévère), alors que l’atteinte glomérulaire est très variable. Ce gène code WDR73, une protéine à motifs WD40. Nos travaux ont montré que la protéine est exprimée dans les neurones du système nerveux central, en particulier dans les cellules de Purkinje du cervelet et dans les podocytes. Des études fonctionnelles nous ont permis de montrer que WDR73 est impliquée dans la survie cellulaire, puisqu’en son absence, une apoptose accrue est observée dans les fibroblastes de patients. De plus, elle est également nécessaire au maintien de la dynamique des microtubules dans les fibroblastes et dans les podocytes différenciés, alors qu’elle ne semble pas avoir de rôle dans la régulation de l’actine. (...) / The genetic study of familial forms of nephrotic syndrome or proteinuria with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis has permitted the identification of 30 causal genes, mainly expressed in the podocyte, which is the principal actor of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Among those genes, approximately ten encode actin cytoskeleton regulators and components, thus highlighting the dramatic role of the podocyte architecture and plasticity in the function of the GFB. During the last decade, all the accumulating results, has made a new category of disease called hereditary podocytopathies. The aim of my thesis project was to characterize the effect of mutations in three candidate genes (TTC21B, WDR73, WDR73), identified by whole exome sequencing in isolated or syndromic podocytopathies. In the first part of my project, we found a homozygous missense mutation (p.P209L) in TTC21B, which encodes a ciliary gene named Intraflagellar transport protein IFT139. This protein ensures the trafficking of components from the tip to the base of the primary cilium, which is an organelle present on most mammalian epithelial cells. These results were unexpected because until now, the existence of the primary cilium was unknown. Our work demonstrates the presence of the primary cilium in the human immature podocyte that disappears once podocytes have differentiated. We also showed that IFT139 localized at the basal body and then relocalized along the complex microtubule network of differenciated cells. We showed that the hypomorphic mutation p.P209L causes minor ciliary defects in undifferentiated cells that are not responsible for the glomerular phenotype. Indeed, the glomerular lesions are rather due to drastic damage in actin and, microtubular dysregulation, found in differentiated podocytes. The second part of my thesis aimed to characterize the effects of truncating mutations identified in the WDR73 gene, found in two families. WDR73 is the first gene identified in Galloway Mowat syndrome by whole exome sequencing combined with homozygous mapping. This rare disease is defined by the association of microcephaly with nephrotic syndrome. In this study, the phenotypes of patients with WDR73 mutations are homogenous concerning neurological features, and are heterogeneous with regards to the renal defects. Thus, WDR73 mutations are responsible for a subset of particular patients affected with Galloway-Mowat syndrome. The WDR73 gene encodes WDR73, a WD-40 containing protein of unknown function. Our studies demonstrated that this protein is expressed in both neurons and podocytes in human tissues. We demonstrated that in undifferentiated cells, WDR73 is weakly expressed in the cytosol, while strong expression and relocalization to the spindle pole, microtubule asters and in the cleavage furrow occur during mitosis. Patient fibroblasts and WDR73-depleted podocytes displayed defects in nuclear morphology, which was associated with a decrease in cell survival in patient fibroblasts. Furthermore, we showed that patient fibroblasts and differentiated WDR73-depleted podocytes harbored an atypical morphology associated with a disorganized microtubule network, suggesting microtubule polymerization defects. Our functional studies demonstrated that WDR73 is crucial in both cell survival and microtubule polymerization in neurons and podocytes. The final part of my PhD work focused on the characterization of a missense mutation in the TRIM3 gene R28W identified by whole exome sequencing in a non consanguineous family with autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. TRIM3 encodes TRIM3, an E3 ubiquitin-ligase that plays a role in transferrin endosomal recycling, and in microtubule trafficking via KIF21B, one of its known partners. Interestingly, the polymorphism V801M in ACTN4 co-segrates with the disease. Furthermore, mutations in this gene were already incriminated in autosomal dominant cases of HSF. (...)