The hospital of St Mary within Cripplegate, or Elsyngspital, was founded as a college of priests and a hospital, primarily for the blind, by a London mercer, William Elsyng. He arranged for it to be converted into an Augustinian priory on his death in 1349 and it survived until the Dissolution. Information about the hospital is found in a number of different archive collections, for example the hospital's own records taken by the Court of Augmentations now in the National Archives, the records of the hospital's patrons, the dean and chapter of St Paul's Cathedral, in the Guildhall Library and the wills and deeds of London citizens in those archives and elsewhere. The thesis brings together this scattered material and analyses it to trace the history of the hospital and to set it within the context of its time and location. Part 1 deals with the foundation of the hospital up to the death of the founder in 1349. Chapter 1 focuses on the man himself, his background and motives. Chapter 2 analyses the process of foundation, how support was secured from city, church and king, the successive versions of the founding charter and the founder's will. Chapter 3 covers the endowment of the hospital and how a founder who was neither extremely wealthy nor powerful provided for it. Part 2 deals with the period from the founder's death to the hospital's suppression. Chapter 4 describes and analyses the economic fortunes of the hospital. Chapter 5 analyses the hospital's inhabitants, the priors, canons, sisters, poor and sick, servants and others, supported by appendices giving details of all known priors and canons. Chapter 6 sets Elsyngspital in its external environment, examining its interface with the outside world.

This study examines the medicalisation of maladjustment in Britain, from the last years of the nineteenth century to the middle decades of the twentieth century. The study focuses on the conceptualisation and application of the tenn 'maladjusted', and the ways in which this reflected changing professional and lay perspectives of child behavioural problems throughout the early twentieth century. Examination of the process by which maladjustment was established as a medical category highlights the complex interplay between psychiatric, psychological, psycho-analytical, sociological, educational, and judicial theories and practices relating to child development. This study will show how a shifting emphasis on moral, intellectual and emotional development was reflected in the changing nature of theories relating to the behaviour of children. This process is explored from the introduction of psychological notions of mental and emotional adjustment in the 1890s, through the establishment of management strategies, including child guidance, in Britain in the inter-war period, the recognition of maladjustment as a statutory handicap under the 1944 Education Act, and, finally, to the publication of the Report of the (Underwood) Committee on Maladjusted Children in 1955. Focus on models of maladjustment illustrates the processes by which social factors, such as individual behaviour and parenting, became the subject of medical attention, highlighting issues surrounding increased intervention by the state and medical profession into the private domestic sphere. Examination of a range of primary and archival sources reveals how interest in the mental and emotional wellbeing of children came to dominate many key areas of policy-making throughout this period. This study challenges existing analyses which present the medicalisation process as one of harmonious teamwork, framed around shared agendas of child welfare and well-being. Despite the development of increasingly sophisticated medical and psychological theories of maladjustment, and greater understanding of child behaviour, professional focus on maladjusted children resulted in increased marginalisation of maladjusted children by the post-war period.

Scholars have made conflicting claims for Byzantine hospitals as medical institutions. Thi.s thesis attempts the first systematic examination of the evidence of the xenon texts, or xenonika of the study's title, on which all such claims must in part rest. The manuscript texts are also transcribed or edited, except for those of Romanos and Theophilos (the a1to9epa1teutuai) for which a schema of their combined chapter headings supports the argument that together they form the medical compilation of the xenon doctor, Romanos. A handlist briefly describes all manuscripts referred to in the study. The thesis is divided into two parts, Part I being a prolegomenon to the study, in Part II, of the xenonika. In the first chapter, the survival of these texts, the functions of the xenon deduced from them, xenon doctors as writers and users of texts, and xenon medical education are surveyed. In the second chapter, a range of Byzantine medical texts is examined to exemplify medical practice- in particular, that of surgery- in the period covered by this study; and to allow a comparison with the practice discernible from the xenon texts. The xenon-ascribed texts are discussed one by one in chapters 3-6 of Part II, the concluding chapter of which (7) depicts, principally on their evidence, the xenon as an institution in which doctors practised medicine in a manner prefiguring practice in a modern acute hospital. It is justly described as the ancestor of the modern hospital

The history of madness is populated by mad women and yet, the visual record of madness is bursting with images of madmen alongside the familiar 'Ophelias' and hysterics. This thesis uses patient photographs to examine how patient identities were constructed and represented in the second half of the nineteenth century. It considers the effects of gender, class and medical discourses on how patients were constituted by images. It seeks to explain the effects of patient photography and the ways in which the medical encounter between doctor-photographer and psychiatric patient was visualised. By so doing it sheds light on photographic practices within Victorian institutions, the relationship between photography and medicine, and the various ways in which photography represented gendered mentally ill patients. The thesis draws together histories of madness and photography by exammmg photographs of patients diagnosed with mental conditions, produced from c.1850 to 1910. It is organised according to 'institution' and considers the photographs contained in British textbooks, British and French medical journals and the medical case books from two British asylums. The photographs they contain are analysed in the context of earlier attempts to visualise the insane in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century, and in the light of nonmedical photography practised in commercial studio or family environments. Psychiatric photographs were produced in vast numbers but their style, mode of production and display and, crucially, the patient identities they represent, are far from standardised or indeed predictable. This variety reflects the different priorities of the photographers, the type of patient being photographed and the contemporaneous photographic practices of individual institutions. The visual connections and differences between several types of photograph are discussed, as is their impact on the identity of the subject. It is argued that only by considering images from a variety of sources can the role and effect of photography in this context begin to be understood more fully.

This thesis offers a fresh angle on the history of neuroscience by highlighting that the human-animal boundary has since Antiquity been a vital component of all philosophical, anatomical and experimental discourses on the nervous system and its associated properties. I argue that in this regard, the history of neuroscience is not as straightforward and progressive as traditional accounts convey; rather, the constant negotiation of what makes us differ from animals and the need to assert human bodily and mental superiority not only influenced philosophical debates, but at times even distorted the actual observation and description of corporeal structures. By focussing on key historical figures whose research helped shape our understanding of the nervous system, I want to show how crucial the model function of animals has been in establishing the importance of the brain and nerves as the executive members of the human mind and sensation. The aspect of the human-animal boundary is thereby the one thread that connects ancient philosophical and anatomical investigations with those of the early modern period. My overall aim is accordingly to assert that the negotiation of the difference vs. the similitude between humans and animals is a neglected but fundamental aspect that needs to be taken into account for a more comprehensive history of neuroscience.

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