In most buildings, occupants are the main source of indoor Carbon Dioxide (C02) due to exhalation. Exhaled breath is a vehicle for the release of airborne infectious particles and thus contributes to the risk of airborne transmission of disease. Although CO2 is not considered to pose serious health risks to occupants, elevated levels of CO2 may serve as an indicator of insufficient ventilation. It is assumed that when there are high concentrations of CO2, internally, other pollutants can also build-up to high levels. This research examines how CO2 is distributed within a room and how this distribution is affected by different ventilation strategies, occupant movement and heat source distributions. Measuring CO2 concentrations at a single location or height may not act as a true representation of an entire space, unless it is measured in a very small confined space. However, in a classroom, the complex indoor environments are influenced by many factors . . CO2 concentrations vary from location to location due to gravitational settling and a non- uniform air flow field which are all interrelated. Therefore, the sampling strategies in any room monitoring need to consider the spatial concentration gradient when choosing representative locations. Overall, this research is performed by the integration of four significant techniques that consist of peer review/questionnaire, field measurements, laboratory experiment and numerical modelling. These tools were used because they complement and enhance the results obtained from each other. In literature, different opinions on the CO2 measurement strategies were found, but there were similarities between all the techniques used by researchers. Most researchers preferred measurements in the middle of the room at a height between 1 m to 1.2 m. However in this research, it was observed that higher concentration values were found at higher levels, i.e. at a height of 1.8 m. Therefore, if CO2 concentration levels varied significantly, deviations from the average measured values would be large. In a naturally ventilated classroom, samplers would need to be strategically distributed both horizontally and vertically (preferably at a height of 1.2 and above) due to the non-uniform mixing of room airflow. However, in large rooms that are naturally ventilated, mechanical ventilated and ventilated by a windcatcher, spreading the sensors horizontally would be more beneficial. To complement the experimental results, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used and the results obtained are of significance as they enable detailed analysis and visualisation of spatial distribution of CO2 concentration and other effects to be predicted. The overall findings presented represent useful contribution for future researchers to efficiently and strategically design experimental set ups with well-organised positioning of sensors for CO2 monitoring purposes.

Human exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) has drawn considerable attention in the mid-1990s, this is because of the harmful effects that particulates have on the human respiratory and cardiovascular system. People spend most of their time in various indoor environments, thus considerations have been given by various researchers to the air quality in these environments (e.g. residential houses, offices, etc.). The quality of air in classrooms is also very important due to the fact that teachers and students spend considerable periods of time within them. However, investigations into PM in such premises are few. To-date studies investigating particulate concentrations in classrooms have generally focused on primary and secondary schools and little attempts have been made for studying university classroom environments. There are a number of factors that could affect particle concentration in classrooms such as indoor and outdoor meteorological parameters, air change rates, and human-related activity. However, these factors have not been fully investigated, and the published literature in the field shows that there is a lack of understanding of PM behaviour in classrooms. Due to the varying occupancy density in university classrooms as compared to children classrooms and the recommendations reported from previous studies, this study was conducted to investigate airborne particle concentrations for different particle sizes (PM!, PM2.5, PMIO, and other narrow particle size ranges) in university classrooms. The aim of this study was to identify the important factors that could influence the concentration of these types of particles in such classrooms, and then to develop a model for predicting the exposure levels of such particulate matter in such rooms. The results show that university classrooms are subjected to high particle concentrations, particularly when they are occupied. The results obtained from the classroom tests also show that the periods during which students enter and/or leave the classrooms give rise to high concentrations of airborne particulate matter in these rooms. Additional experiments were conducted in an environmental test chamber to provide further information and support to the results obtained in the classrooms, and also to identify the primary parameters that might influence the concentration levels during human walking in a room.

Sick building syndrome; in which the victims feel dizzy, fatigued and nauseous is caused from the accumulation of indoor air contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Photocatalytic paints are an aesthetic approach for the reduction of such compounds via pollutant breakdown. The key constituent is titanium dioxide. Studies have shown, however, that incorporation of unmodified nanoparticulate Ti02 into paints causes film breakdown and VOC release. In this work the synthesis of asymmetric titanium dioxide particles whereby one half is coated with silica, via simple wet chem- ical techniques was investigated. Polystyrene micro- and nanospheres, and the novel use of carbon microspheres were used as sacrificial templates. The inner titania layer and outer silica layer were deposited onto the templates through hydrolysis and condensation of the relative precursors. The tem- plates exhibiting the double coating were then removed via thermal degradation, leaving double shell hollow inorganic spheres with an inner layer comprising of crystalline titania and the outer shell com- posed from amorphous silica. To form asymmetric particles these hollow spheres were then ruptured using sonication and ball-milling. The polystyrene microspheres were successful at producing asym- metric platelets by simply crushing the hollow inorganic spheres after template removal. The majority of the double shell hollow inorganic spheres produced from polystyrene nanospheres remained intact and were too small to rupture using ball-milling. Platelets were therefore not produced. Carbon micro- spheres were not fully decomposed at the temperatures chosen and a mixture of asymmetric platelets and whole spheres were formed. Glass microspheres were implemented as a non-sacrificial template to investigate greener routes into asymmetric platelet production. Three methods were investigated in terms of their ability to remove the silica-titania double coating producing asymmetric platelets, leav- ing the glass microspheres intact ready for reuse. Sonication produced colloidal dispersions of Ti02 and Si02 nanoparticles but did however leave the surface of the spheres clean. Ball-milling not only removed the coating but also smashed the glass-spheres into smaller pieces rendering them obsolete. Heating the coated glass microspheres and then rapidly cooling them did not remove the coatings at all. The photocatalytic activity of the samples produced from each sacrificial template towards toluene breakdown was investigated using a glass-plate photoreactor with online residual gas analysis. The samples were deposited in both powdered form, and dispersed in polyvinyl acetate which acted as a mock paint film. The intact double-shell hollow inorganic micro spheres showed no photocatalytic activity. However when these were crushed into asymmetric platelets the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rose and fell when the light was switched on and off respectively, indicating these asymmetric platelets exhibited photocatalytic activity due to exposure of the crystalline titania layer to toluene.

Office Space Allocation (OSA) is the task of efficient usage of spatial resources of an organisation. A common goal in a typical OSA problem is to minimise the wastage of space either by limiting the overuse or underuse of the facilities. The problem also contains a myriad of hard and soft constraints based on the preferences of respective organisations. In this thesis, the OSA variant usually encountered in academic institutions is investigated. Previous research in this area is rather sparse. This thesis provides a definition, extension, and literature review for the problem as well as a new parametrised data instance generator. In this thesis, two main algorithmic approaches for tackling the OSA are proposed: The first one is integer linear programming. Based on the definition of several constraints and some additional variables, two different mathematical models are proposed. These two models are not strictly alternatives to each other. While one of them provides more performance for the types of instances it is applicable, it lacks generality. The other approach provides less performance; however, it is easier to apply this model to different OSA problems. The second algorithmic approach is based on metaheuristics. A three step process in heuristic development is followed. In the first step, general local search techniques (descent methods, threshold acceptance, simulated annealing, great deluge) traverse within the neighbourhood via random relocation and swap moves. The second step of heuristic development aims to investigate large sections of the whole neighbourhood greedily via very fast cost calculation, cost update, and search for best move procedures within an evolutionary local search framework. The final step involves refinements and hybridisation of best performing (in terms of solution quality) mathematical programming and meta-heuristic techniques developed in prior steps. This thesis aims to be one of the pioneering works in the research area of OSA. The major contributions are: the analysis of the problem, a new parametrised data instance generator, mathematical programming models, and meta-heuristic approaches in order to extend the state-of-the art in this area.

The study area is located within the Neogene-Quaternary sequences on top of the Mesozoic accreted mass at the northwest of Kazan (40 km NW of Ankara) between Karalar and Alibey villages. The research deals with the post-Miocene deformational history of an area situated at the southern edge of Galatian Volcanic Province. Two main Neogene rock sequences are cropped out / 1) Late Miocene Pazar Formation, 2) Plio-Quaternary Sinap Formation. The Pazar Formation has a succession composed mainly of clastics at the bottom and, cherts and limestones to the top of the sequence representing a fresh water lake environment. Sedimentation seems to be affected by the intense volcanism going on in the Galatian Volcanic Province. Location of a mammalian fossil found in the Pazar Formation yielded a possible time interval between MN-9 to MN-13 (Middle to Late Miocene). Sinap Formation overlies the Pazar Formation unconformably and it is dominantly represented by fluvial clastics. The post-Miocene deformational studies based on the analysis of the structural data collected from bedding planes and fault planes. Totally 213 dip-strike measurements from the Neogene units and 204 slip lineation data from the fault planes were taken. Fold analysis of dip and strike measurements taken from the Pazar Formation gave a common fold axis trending in N430E direction. Similarly fold analysis for the Sinap Formation resulted N400E striking trend for the fold axis. Stress analysis was performed by processing slip lineation data using Angelier direct inversion method. In the analysis, no reliable results for the post-Miocene compressional phase could be obtained. But the results of the post-Plio-Quaternary extensional regime are strongly reliable. It clearly gives an extension in NW-SE direction. Stress analysis together with the field observations show that the area has been structurally evolved in several phases of deformation. The NW-SE to N-S-directed post-Miocene compressional event is followed by a regional extension operating since Plio-Quaternary.

Gediz Graben is a continental extensional basin filled with Neogene sediments. Its margins are controlled by active ~E&amp / #8211 / W-trending fault systems with major system, in terms of total offset and duration of activity, located along the southern margin. The graben evolved as a half graben by the activity of the southern margin during the entire Miocene. Then, the northern margin-bounding structure initiated by Plio&amp / #8211 / Quaternary to form the current configuration of the graben with an inherited asymmetry. The southern margin-bounding fault system forms a graben-facing step-like pattern from the horst block (~2000 m) down to the graben floor (~200 m). The faults become younger towards the graben and the structural maturity decreases in the same direction. Fault plane data suggest ~N&amp / #8211 / S-oriented regional crustal extension through the entire graben history with no evidence of temporal change in the regional extension direction. Minor spatial variations are attributed to poorly defined s3-axis or local stress field anomalies caused by fault interactions. Evolution of the Gediz Graben is a dynamic process as indicated by pronounced changes in the geometry and lateral extend of the southern margin-bounding structures along strike and dip directions. This also influenced the lithofacies, depositional pattern and thickness of the graben fill units. The western Anatolian extension is episodic with earlier (Miocene) and later (Plio&amp / #8211 / Quaternary) phases of extension and intervening short phase of contraction (Late Miocene&amp / #8211 / Early Pliocene). Despite of this fact, evidence for the short-term intervening contractional phase throughout the Gediz Graben is scarce and there is local observation of folds and thrust/reverse faults affecting the AlaSehir formation. These structures suggest that the short-term phase of contraction might have existed but most probably been absorbed by the high rates of extension. This data may further imply that graben evolution from half-graben phase (Miocene configuration) to full graben phase (present day configuration) might be a discontinuous process accompanied by a short-time break in-between.

Adiyaman region is situated within SE Anatolian Fold and Thrust Belt which is a part of Alpine-Himalayan Mountain Belt system. The Belt is evolved as Eurasian plate and Arabian plate amalgamates in SE Anatolia. There are two main contractional deformational periods, Late Cretaceous and Late Miocene, which are followed by a strike slip deformation, during post-Late Miocene characterizing the tectonics of SE Anatolia. Series of folds and thrusts have a trend of almost ENE-WSW direction. The analysis on bedding planes and folds shows around N70E trend. On the other hand, two overthrusts that are closely linked to the folds and a sinistral strike-slip fault with reverse component are differentiated. The overthrust belt with ENE-WSW trend bounds the study area from north with a vergence from north to south and situated on top of folded upper Miocene sequences. Another overthrust and a cross-cutting strike slip fault with reverse component &ndash / Adiyaman Fault- form a &ldquo / pop-up&rdquo / structure (positive flower structure) which is characteristic for in a transpressional regimes manifested in geological cross-sections done from borehole correlations and seismic sections. To conclude, by combining the surface (field data) and subsurface data (seismic and borehole data), the Alidag anticlinal structure that is formed along the Adiyaman Fault are developed after the Late Miocene under transpressional regime.

In order to understand the tectonic evolution of the Kalecik region (Ankara, Turkey), a structural field study was performed in a selected area located in the east of Kalecik, where mostly imbricated thrust sheets of the Cretaceous Ophiolitic melange crop out. In the study area, the Cretaceous Ophiolitic melange, Cretaceous radiolaria-bearing sequences and the Paleocene units are all intruded by sub-vertical dykes. The attitudes of planar structures (dykes, beds and faults) and the kinematic data measured on faults were analyzed by using &ldquo / ROCKWORKS 2002&rdquo / and &ldquo / Angelier Direct Inversion Method (version 5.42)&rdquo / softwares, respectively. A major trend of NE-SW (045&deg / N) direction and relatively a post-Paleocene &ndash / pre-Miocene age was determined for the dykes indicating an extension in the NW-SE direction during post-Paleocene. The dykes cut bedded units displaying a dominant set trending in WNW-ESE (297&deg / N) direction and mostly dipping towards NE with moderate dip amounts. But at the same time, the Upper Cretaceous units were observed as intensely folded, faulted and thrusted due to the compressional regime that acted in Central Anatolia during Late Cretaceous. The angular difference between the major trend of dykes and the dominant trend of stratification was found as approximately 108&deg / ., which may also indicate that the dykes and beds were evolved during different deformation periods. The results of the kinematic analyses of different age faults revealed that the post-Paleocene &ndash / pre-Miocene Kalecik basaltic dykes are deformed under a continuous NW-SE-oriented post-Paleocene compressional to strike-slip tectonic regime which was followed by a NNW-SSE oriented post-Miocene extensional-transtensional regime.

The Thrace Basin located in northwest Turkey displays attractive prospective traps for hydrocarbon and has received much attention from the petroleum industry. Despite the extensive exploration efforts, there are only few studies which address the fault kinematics and deformation mechanism of the region in connection with structural development. In this study, 3D raw seismic data set collected around Temrez High near Babaeski fault zone will be processed and interpreted along with the available borehole data to reveal the subsurface structure of the region that will contribute towards understanding the Neogene tectonic evolution of the central Thrace basin, origin of the transcurrent tectonics and possible role of the North Anatolian Fault Zone.

This study aims to investigate tectonic activity levels and development stages of the tectonic and hydrologic basin areas located on western part of the main trace of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) using quantitative measurement techniques. The basins investigated are Bolu, Yeni&ccedil / aga, D&ouml / rtdivan, &Ccedil / erkes, Ilgaz and Tosya. The methodology includes application of six morphometric indices (Basin Shape, Hypsometric curve and Hypsometric Integral, Sinuosity of Mountain Fronts, Stream Length Gradient Index, Valley width to height ratio, and Asymmetry Factor) to Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the region generated from 1:25000 scale topographic maps. The analyses indicate that the basins located in the study area have different characteristics of tectonic activity. According to the results of the applied indices relative order of the activity for tectonic basins is, in decreasing order, Bolu, Tosya, Ilgaz, &Ccedil / erkes, Yeni&ccedil / aga and D&ouml / rtdivan. For hydrologic basins, on the other hand, the same order is observed except for a swap in &Ccedil / erkes and Yeni&ccedil / aga basins. Among the basins located to the north of the NAFZ, the activity decreases eastward whereas to the south the fault zone it decreases towards the west.