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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Genetic studies on inherited diseases presenting with unusual ENT problems

Uppal, Sandeep January 2011 (has links)
The aim of this project was to determine the genetic basis of two interesting syndromes, segregating in large pedigrees. These syndromes presented with interesting features including some ENT problems that formed part of the presenting phenotype. Better understanding of the molecular basis of these conditions might explain the pleiotropic effects of mutation in a single gene on various tissues in the body. The specific conditions being studied were (a) Pachydermoperiostosis (Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy, PHO) and (b) a novel syndrome with mental retardation, epilepsy, spastic paraplegia, sensorineural hearing loss and early onset obesity. 2.1 Pachydermoperiostosis (Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy) Introduction: Affected individuals belonging to consanguineous families with PHO came to my attention because of features such as thickening of facial and scalp skin leading to aesthetic facial deformities. Another phenotype in these families was digital clubbing, an ancient clinical sign, the aetiopathogenesis of which has been much debated but still remained unexplained at the molecular level. The aim of this project was to identify the PHO gene(s). Methods: Autozygosity mapping was used to identify the PHO gene. Results: The PHO gene was localized to chromosome 4q33-q34 and three novel biallelic inactivating mutations were identified in HPGD, encoding the enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. In two families segregating the HPGD mutations in a pseudo-dominant manner, affected patients were found to have marked clubbing and markedly elevated levels of urinary PGE2, while heterozygous patients with mild or no clubbing had a more varied and moderate elevation in the level of urinary PGE2. Conclusions: The fact that PHO results from persistently raised levels of PGE2 secondary to deficiency of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase suggests that hypertrophic osteoarthropathy secondary to other pathologies may also be mediated by altered prostaglandin metabolism. Mutation testing of HPGD and measurement of urinary PGE2 levels may avoid morbidity from invasive searches for occult pathology in patients presenting with idiopathic clubbing.
2

Mesures non invasives de l'activité electrophysiologique des cellules sensorielles et des neurones auditifs. Applications au diagnostic de pathologies de l'oreille interne. / Noninvasive measurements of the electrophysiological activity of sensory cells and auditory neurons. Applications to the diagnosis of diseases of the inner ear.

Gerenton, Grégory 07 December 2015 (has links)
Grâce à la miniaturisation de la technologie ainsi qu'a l'augmentation constante des capacités de calcul numérique, les méthodes objectives et les appareils de mesures de la physiologie auditive évoluent. C'est dans l'optique de créer de nouveaux outils diagnostics que la société Echodia a été créée en 2009. Celle-ci finance aujourd'hui mes recherches sous convention CIFRE.Les présents travaux proposent, dans une première partie, de présenter comment deux méthodes de mesures non invasives ont été mises en oeuvre pour être applicables au diagnostic de l'hydrops cochléaire. Les méthodes sont basées sur le fait que les réponses des cellules ciliées de la cochlée à des stimuli sonores dépendent de la position au repos de leur touffe de stéréocils. Or, l'hydrops cochléaire, l'une des principales caractéristiques de la maladie de Menière, est susceptible de venir perturber cet environnement. Une variation chimique ou mécanique de celui-ci peut ainsi être mise en évidence par différentes méthodes d'exploration objectives. La première est basée sur un enregistrement électrophysiologique. En étudiant le Potentiel de sommation (SP) de l'ÉlectroCochléoGraphie (ECochG), nous allons recueillir une image du tour basal de la cochlée. La deuxième méthode est basée sur un enregistrement acoustique dans le méat acoustique externe. En monitorant le déphasage des Produits de distorsion desoto-émissions acoustiques (DPOAE), nous allons enregistrer les réponses du tour apical de la cochlée.La deuxième partie est consacrée à une étude au cours de laquelle nous avons enregistré de manière concomitante le SP (basal) ainsi que le DPOAE (apical) chez 73 patients souffrant de vertiges de Menière, à proximité d'une attaque (n = 40) ou entre les attaques, sans symptômes cliniques (n = 33). Dans le cas des DPOAE, c'est la phase du produit de distorsion (PDA) à 2*f1-f2 qui a été étudiée en réponse à des sons stimulants de fréquence f1 = 1 kHz et f2 = 1,2 kHz. La puissance des deux fondamentaux a été fixée entre 70 et 75dB SPL en fonction du niveau du DPOAE. Le rapport entre SP et le Potentiel d’action global (AP) a, quant à lui, été mesuré de manière extra-tympanique en réponse à des clics de 95dB nHL. Ces deux mesures ont été effectuées plusieurs fois pendant un test de posture afin d'évaluer leur stabilité.Les limites normales de déphasage du DPOAE en réponse à la posture [-18 °, +38 °] ont été dépassées chez 75% des patients étant venus consulter à proximité d'une crise. Sur ces mêmes sujets, l'étude du ratio entre SP et AP a dépassé la valeur normale (<0,40) dans 60% des cas. De plus, chez les patients à proximité d'une crise de vertige, les deux types de mesures révèlent des fluctuations entre deux répétitions. Ces écarts mettent en évidence combien l'hydrops entrave le bon fonctionnement de la mécanique cochléaire. Le fait de constater des variations sur des échelles de temps aussi courtes pourrait expliquer la sensibilité imparfaite des tests diagnostics. En effet, les protocoles de mesure du SP ou des DPOAE nécessitent un moyennage des acquisitions qui, par définition, a tendance à niveler les fluctuations transitoires. / Thanks to technology miniaturization as well as digital computing abilities steadily increasing, objective measurement methods and their related devices evolve. Echodia company was created in 2009 with the goal to create new diagnostic tools. The company currently supports my research work through a CIFRE convention.The first part of this thesis presents two non-invasive measurement methods that have been implemented to the diagnosis of cochlear hydrops. The methods are based on the responses of cochlear hair cells to sound stimuli, depending themselves on the resting position of their stereocilia bundles. Cochlear hydrops, a hallmark of Meniere's disease, is likely to disturb this environment. A chemical or mechanical variation of this environment may be observed by various objective exploration methods. The first method is based on an electrophysiological recording. By studying the Summating Potential (SP) of the Electrocochleography (ECOG) we will register activity in the basal part of the cochlea. The second method is based on a sound recording in the external acoustic meatus. By monitoring the phase shifts of Distortion-Product OtoAcoustic Emissions (DPOAE), we will record the apical responses of the cochlea.The second part of this thesis focuses on a study in which we recorded concomitantly the SP (basal) and the DPOAE (apical) in 73 patients with Menière's disease, close to an attack (n = 40) or between attacks without clinical symptoms (n = 33). In the case of DPOAE, the phase at 2*f1-f2 has been studied in response to pure sinusoidal sounds at frequency f1 = 1 kHz and f2 = 1,2 kHz. The power of the two primary was set between 70 and 75dB SPL based on the level of the DPOAE. The SP to Action Potential (AP) ratio has been measured by extra-tympanic electrode in response to 95dB nHL clicks. These two measurements were performed several times during a postural test to evaluate their stability.The normal limit of the phase shift of the DPOAE during a postural test [-18 °, +38 °] was exceeded in 75% of patients near an attack. On these subjects, the study of the SP/AP ratio exceeded the normal value (<0.40) in 60% of cases. In addition, the two types of measurements made on patients near a vertigo attack reveal fluctuations between reiteration. These differences highlight how hydrops hinders the proper functioning of the cochlear mechanics. This short time scales fluctuations might explain the imperfect diagnostic sensitivity of SP and DPOAE tests, as averaging procedures would tend to level out transient fluctuations characteristic of hydrops.

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