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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

An investigation of visual field test parameters in glaucoma, patterns of visual field loss in diabetics and multispectral imaging of the optic nerve head in glaucoma

Wang, Yanfang January 2013 (has links)
Visual field tests are routinely used for the detection and management of glaucoma. This thesis focuses on monitoring the vigilance during perimetry with pupil dynamics (pupillary movements, blinks) in glaucoma patients and the performance of using subsets of standard test patterns at detecting glaucomatous field loss. It describes the spatial pattern of visual field changes in diabetic retinopathy patients after treatment and the usage of multispectral imaging of the optic nerve head in glaucoma patients.The first investigation evaluated the use of pupillary parameters (pupil size and amplitude of pupillary oscillations) to monitor vigilance during perimetry in comparison to electroencephalography. A significant correlation was observed between the decreased pupil size and increased slow brain activities (theta and alpha). The inter-test threshold variability correlated with the pupil miosis.Another investigation explored blinks during a perimetric test and their relationship to the variability of threshold sensitivity in glaucoma patients. A wide range of blink frequencies was observed in glaucoma patients during perimetry and the timing of blinks was correlated with the stimuli presentations when they were supra-threshold. No significant relationship was observed between the threshold sensitivity variability and blink parameters (frequency, duration and microsleep numbers).The third investigation evaluated the use of subset of the 24-2 visual field test pattern at detecting glaucomatous field loss. A high sensitivity and specificity was observed when using subsets of the 24-2 pattern and test locations optimized by the positive predictive values showed a better performance than the test locations in random sequences.With the usage of a self-organized mapping method, nine spatial patterns of visual field loss in untreated diabetic retinopathy patients were classified. After laser treatment, a significant improvement on the spatial patterns of field loss and global indices was found.In the multispectral imaging study, the haemoglobin dependent differential light absorption (DLA) properties of the glaucomatous optic nerve head was evaluated with multispectral imaging. Change of DLA after medical hypotensive treatment was graded by five experts and no difference was observed in most of the patients.
12

Applications des ultrasons focalisés de haute intensité au traitement du glaucome / High intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of glaucoma

Aptel, Florent 08 December 2011 (has links)
Le glaucome est une pathologie fréquente principalement due à une élévation de la pression intraoculaire. La pression intraoculaire est le fruit d’un équilibre entre la production du liquide qui remplit la portion antérieure de l’œil - l’humeur aqueuse - et son élimination. Les traitements du glaucome peuvent donc agir selon deux mécanismes : la réduction de la production d’humeur aqueuse par la destruction partielle ou l’inhibition pharmacologique du corps ciliaire, structure responsable de la production de l’humeur aqueuse, ou la facilitation de l’évacuation de l’humeur aqueuse en dehors de l’oeil. De nombreuses méthodes physiques peuvent être utilisées pour détruire le corps ciliaire : lasers, cryothérapie, micro-ondes, etc. Néanmoins, toutes ces méthodes ont deux inconvénients majeurs qui limitent leur utilisation : elles sont peu sélectives de l’organe à traiter, entraînant souvent des dommages des structures adjacentes, et elles présentent une relation effet-dose très inconstante, empêchant de prévoir avec précision l’effet du traitement. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est le développement d’un dispositif ultrasonore de coagulation du corps ciliaire circulaire, comprenant 6 transducteurs piézoélectriques en forme de segments de cylindre, et générant 6 lésions segmentaires s’inscrivant dans un anneau de diamètre similaire à celui formé par le corps ciliaire. Les expérimentations animales ont montré une nécrose de coagulation sélective des zones du corps ciliaire traitées par le dispositif. Le premier essai clinique a montré que cette méthode était bien tolérée et permettait une réduction importante, prédictible et maintenue dans le temps de la pression intraoculaire / Glaucoma is a common disease mainly due to an increase of the pressure inside the eye. Intraocular pressure is the result of a balance between the production of liquid that fills the anterior part of eye - aqueous humor - and its elimination. All treatments for glaucoma aim to reduce the intraocular pressure and can therefore have two mechanisms of action: reducing aqueous humor production by the partial destruction or medical inhibition of the ciliary body - anatomical structure responsible for the production of aqueous humor - or facilitating the evacuation of aqueous humor out of the eye. Several physical methods can be used to destroy the ciliary body: laser, cryotherapy, microwave, etc. However, all these methods have two major drawbacks limiting their use: they are non-selective of the organ to be treated, often resulting in damage to the adjacent structures, and they have an unpredictable dose-effect relationship, preventing to accurately predict the treatment effect. The objective of this thesis is the development of a circular ultrasonic device incorporating six transducers producing high-intensity focused ultrasound for a selective coagulation of the ciliary body. A circular device with 6 piezoelectric transducers having a geometry of a segment of a cylinder was used to generate six segmental lesions entering in a ring of diameter similar to that formed by the ciliary body. Animal experiments have shown a selective coagulation necrosis of the treated ciliary body. The first clinical trial in humans showed that this method was well tolerated and allowed a significant, predictable and sustained reduction of the intraocular pressure
13

High intensity focused ultrasound in ophthalmology : part one, transscleral drug delivery : part two, infrared thermography for scalable acoustic characterization, an application in the manufacture of a glaucoma treatment device / Applications d'ultrasons dans le traitement du glaucome : partie 1, administration de médicaments à travers la sclère : partie 2, thermographie infrarouge acoustique pour la caractérisation acoustique évolutive, une application de la fabrication d'un dispositif de traitement du glaucome

Razavi Mashoof, Arash 14 April 2014 (has links)
Les ultrasons (US) thérapeutiques sont devenus un sujet d'intérêt croissant en ophtalmologie. Les ultrasons focalisés de haute intensité (HIFU) pour le traitement du glaucome et pour la délivrance de médicaments dans l'oeil sont les deux principaux domaines de recherche dans ce domaine. Cette thèse traite des deux sujets en deux parties distinctes : l'administration de médicaments ou drug delivery par d'ultrasons (USDD) à travers la sclère et la caractérisation par rayonnement infrarouge (IR) d'un dispositif HIFU ophtalmique pour le traitement du glaucome. Bien que plus perméable que la cornée, l'administration de médicaments efficace à travers la sclère reste un réel challenge. Dans ce travail, nous avons évalué l'effet d'une propagation d'us en mode pulsé sur l'administration de médicaments à travers la sclère. Parmi les mécanismes sous-jacents, la cavitation semble être un contributeur à une USDD renforcée. L'activité maximale de cavitation sous-jacente à une émission d'ultrasons en mode pulsé peut donc être une méthodologie viable pour l'amélioration de l'administration de médicaments à travers l'oeil. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation ultrasonore de terrain a été développée pour un dispositif HIFU multi-éléments. Ce dispositif médical développé par Eyetechcare est destiné au traitement du glaucome réfractaire (Rillieux -la-pape, France). Une alternative basée sur la thermographie par infra-rouge a été développée pour une évaluation rapide et qualitative de la distribution d'intensité émise spécifiquement par ce dispositif à haute fréquence (19-21 mhz) constitué de multiéléments à focalisation en ligne. Cette méthodologie permettra de caractériser les sondes de thérapie à l'échelle industrielle / Therapeutic ultrasound has become a topic of growing interest in ophthalmology. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of glaucoma and ultrasound (US) drug delivery are the two main areas of research in this field. This work addresses these domains in two separate parts: transscleral ultrasound drug delivery (USDD), and infrared (IR) field characterization of an ophthalmic HIFU device for glaucoma treatment. The sclera is a promising pathway for ocular drug delivery, since transscleral administration can address both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Due to the low permeability however, efficient drug delivery is challenging. In this study, HIFU was investigated as a potential modality for an enhanced transscleral drug delivery (in vitro). Among US effects, cavitation was shown to be the major contributor to an enhanced USDD. A pulsed US protocol designed to maximum cavitation activity may therefore be a viable method for enhancing ocular drug delivery. In the second part, a new method of ultrasonic field characterization was developed for a multi-element HIFU device. This system is designed and produced for glaucoma treatment by Eyetechcare Company (Rillieux-la-Pape, France). The traditional hydrophone method for field characterization was prohibitively slow on an industrial scale. An alternative modality for rapid qualitative assessment of the intensity distribution based on infra-red (IR) thermography was developed specific to this high frequency (19-21 MHz) device with line-focus US radiators. The second part of the study was aimed to expand the application of a R&D technique for ultrasonic field characterization to an industrial scale

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