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Studies of post-stimulatory maskingThornton, Arthur Roger David January 1969 (has links)
No description available.
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An experimental investigation into response distribution in coupled plates systemsShapiro, Uri January 1971 (has links)
In this thesis, response distribution in a class of conservatively coupled plates system is investigated experimentally. The ratio of the space-average, time-maximum response of the coupled plates is shown to be proportional to an empiric expression of the space-average time-maximum rotary and transverse receptances, and the time-maximum receptance of the point where the disturbing force is applied, which are parameters open to measurement. The amount of error of estimating response ratio through applying the expression is analysed and found to be small. A brief survey of potential applications of the results of this project to practical structures follows, together with proposed additional work to extend the validity and applicability of the findings. Experimental techniques and apparatus are discussed and described in great detail. An innovation in the experimental set-up is associated with the construction of non-contacting transducer, fitted to a scanning rig, employed to detect response distribution in panel type vibrating elements. Since the experimental apparatus proved useful for the purpose of the project, further work is suggested in order to improve its versatility and develop the rig into an industrial tool, to fulfil a much needed function in dynamic testing. It is suggested that the methods developed in the thesis to estimate response distribution experimentally, have some advantages over present day methods, which is demonstrated by comparing the procedures and some of the basic assumptions involved.
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Impulsive sound quality of tennis racketsBanwell, Guy January 2013 (has links)
The sound radiated during a tennis impact has been shown to greatly influence the perception of 'feel' but has also been suggested to contribute to the perception of equipment quality, as is the case with many other consumer products. In an industry that is governed by design limitations, tennis racket manufactures are continually aiming to differentiate their products from their competitors' and the sound character of a racket is seen as one such method to do so. In order to control the sound radiated from a tennis racket it was first necessary to identify how a tennis racket radiates sound. Through a number of controlled player tests, involving groundstrokes and serves, the sound was recorded along with measurements of the physical vibrations excited in the frame. Analysis of the data revealed typical characteristics of the sound in the time and frequency domain. The sound was split into two sections to aid the analysis; an initial impulsive component that decayed very quickly and a ringing component that was of much lower amplitude but decayed at a much slower rate. The evolution of the frequency content over time was also investigated, however, the data provided much more information as to where each frequency component originated by analysing the data together with the experimental modal analysis data. The experimental modal analysis of a tennis racket was a vital stage in understanding which components of the racket were responsible for radiating the identified frequency component in the sound spectrum. The investigations identified frame bending modes, out-of-plane and inplane, as well as torsional modes, hoop modes and stringbed modes. To enable direct comparison between the natural frequencies excited during a tennis shot and the frequencies recorded from a freely suspended racket, the effect of the hand on the modal behaviour of the racket was analysed; experimental modal analysis data from a hand-gripped racket was compared with data generated by adding simulated mass to the modal model of the freely suspended racket. The first stringbed mode was identified as a key contributor to the sound of the racket, especially in the ringing component of the sound. Analysis of the physical vibrations in the frame following a tennis shot revealed that the first stringbed mode excited the frame of the racket, which is iv thought to be the reason why stringbed modes contribute to the sound more so than their surface area would suggest that they are capable of. Analysis of the relationship between subjective perceptions of players and calculated sound metrics suggest a negative correlation exists between the duration and loudness of a tennis shot and the appeal of the sound. Further investigations involving a jury to evaluate the appeal of a tennis impact sound, modified in terms of duration, revealed further evidence to support the theory that tennis impact sounds of greater duration are less appealing than those that decay quickly. This is the first study to investigate the sound radiated from a tennis racket and has identified how the sound is radiated from the racket and also suggests which parameters of the sound are considered appealing to tennis players. With this information it is possible to suggest design modifications that would influence the sound of a tennis racket in a predictable manner.
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Ultrasound tissue characterization using speckle statistics / Caractérisation ultrasonore des tissus par une approche statistiqueCristea, Anca 09 December 2015 (has links)
L'objectif de la caractérisation des tissus par ultrasons ou ‘Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS)’ est de différencier les tissus pathologiques en associant les paramètres d’un modèle aux caractéristiques physiques du tissu. L'usage exclusif des ultrasons pour obtenir un diagnostic peut garantir que le patient ne subira pas une procédure invasive (e.g. une biopsie), utilisant des rayonnements ionisants (e.g. la tomographie) ou même inconfortable et coûteuse (e.g. IRM). Les méthodes de QUS extraient des informations sur la microstructure du tissu à partir du contenu spectral ou temporel des signaux ultrasonores. Le signal temporel radiofréquence (RF) et son enveloppe sont d'intérêt à cause du speckle crée par l’interférence des ondes, qui peut être modélisé par des distributions statistiques. Ce travail propose d'explorer la possibilité d'obtenir des estimations QUS fiables en utilisant des distributions statistiques comme modèles pour le speckle ultrasonore. Les estimations sont constituées des paramètres des distributions respectives et dépendent de la densité de diffuseurs dans le milieu. L’évaluation s’effectue sur des images simulées, des fantômes de particules et des biofantômes. Dans la première partie, la distribution Gaussienne Généralisée est utilisée pour modéliser le signal RF, et la distribution de Nakagami est utilisée pour modéliser son enveloppe. Les deux distributions sont limitées à discriminer les milieux avec une faible densité de diffuseurs, parce que les valeurs de leurs paramètres de forme saturent pour un speckle pleinement développé. Par conséquent, puisque la formation du speckle pleinement développé dépend de la résolution du système d'imagerie, la caractérisation peut se faire seulement à de très hautes résolutions, correspondant à des hautes fréquences qui ne sont pas communes en échographie clinique. Une application du modèle de Nakagami sur l’image crée par la seconde harmonique montre le potentiel du paramètre de forme de Nakagami en tant que mesure de la nonlinéarité du milieu. Dans la deuxième partie, l'enveloppe a été modélisée en utilisant la distribution K-Homodyne. Le paramètre de regroupement des diffuseurs α permet de discriminer entre les milieux denses jusqu’à une limite supérieure à celle du paramètre de Nakagami. Pourtant, cette limite est difficile à estimer avec précision, parce que les valeurs caractéristiques pour le speckle pleinement développé sont affectées par un biais et une variance élevés. Le biais et la variance peuvent être améliorés en augmentant la quantité de données utilisée pour l’estimation. Dans la dernière partie, une technique de déconvolution spécialement conçue pour la caractérisation des tissus a été évaluée. Des essais exhaustifs ont montré qu’elle n’est pas suffisamment robuste pour une application clinique, puisque les images déconvoluées ne sont pas fidèles à la réflectivité originale du milieu / The purpose of ultrasound tissue characterization or Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) is to differentiate between tissue pathologies by associating model parameters to physical tissue features. The exclusive use of ultrasound for diagnosis would guarantee that the patient does not undergo a procedure that is invasive (e.g. a biopsy), using ionizing radiation (e.g. tomography) or simply uncomfortable and expensive (e.g. MRI). QUS methods extract information on the tissue microstructure from the temporal or spectral content of the acquired ultrasound signals. The temporal radiofrequency (RF) signal and its envelope are of interest because of the speckle patterns created by wave interference, which can be modeled by statistical distributions. The present work proposes to explore the possibility of obtaining reliable QUS estimates by using statistical distributions as models for ultrasound speckle. The estimates consist in the parameters of the respective distributions and are indicators of the scatterer density in the medium. The evaluation is conducted on simulated images, particle phantoms and biophantoms. In the first part, the Generalized Gaussian distribution is used to model the RF signal, and the Nakagami distribution is used to model its envelope. The two distributions show limitations in discriminating media with high scatterer densities, as the values of their shape parameters saturate in the fully developed speckle regime. Therefore, since the formation of fully developed speckle depends on the resolution of the imaging system, characterization can be done only at very high resolutions, corresponding to high frequencies that are not common in clinical ultrasound. An application of the Nakagami model on the second harmonic image shows the potential of the Nakagami shape parameter as a measure of the nonlinearity of the medium. In the second part, the echo envelope was modeled using the Homodyned-K distribution. The scatterer clustering parameter α allows the discrimination of dense media up to a concentration that is higher than the one that limits the Nakagami distribution. However, this limit is difficult to estimate precisely, because the values of α that are characteristic for fully developed speckle suffer from large estimation bias and variance. The bias and the variance can be improved by performing the estimation on a very large amount of data. In the final part, a deconvolution technique designed specifically for ultrasound tissue characterization has been analyzed. Extensive testing has shown it to not be sufficiently robust for clinical applications, since the deconvolved images are not reliable in terms of fidelity to the original reflectivity of the medium
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Sound bullets from nonlinear granular chainsAkanji, Omololu January 2015 (has links)
The propagation of ultrasound along chains of granular particles has some interesting characteristics. These have the potential to dramatically improve the performance of HIFU (High Intensity Focussed Ultrasound) for the use in therapeutic ultrasound treatments and medical imaging. This thesis has investigated a novel approach for the creation of ultrasonic focussed energy in chains composed of spheres. Within these highly sensitive chains, non-linear propagation is possible which leads to the formation of highly robust localised pulses known as sound bullets. Subject to the right conditions, the chain of spheres become a dynamically tunable system where slight changes to the nature of the Herzian contact between the spheres produce drastic changes in the propagation velocity of the solitary wave. The nature and resulting characteristics of the system to variations such as input excitation frequency, effect of loading, changes in length and diameter of the chain were studied. It was observed that the system was highly dependent of each of these factors, with each situation altering the behaviour of the chain of spheres.
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An investigation of surface vibration, airbourne sound and acoustic emission characteristics of a journal bearing for early fault detection and diagnosisRaharjo, Parno January 2013 (has links)
High power machinery such as steam turbines, large pumps and motors often use journal bearings as rotor supports. This type of bearing is simple, low cost and with high load carrying capacity. However, abnormal operating conditions in the journal bearings will degrade machine performance, increase operating cost and may cause unexpected sudden failure which is dangerous in both engineering and safety terms. Bearing condition monitoring can detect faults at an early stage and prevent the occurrence of such failures which can be catastrophic. Monitoring techniques that have been used for monitoring of journal bearing are lubricant analysis, vibration analysis, noise and acoustic emission analysis. Lubricant analysis has been used effectively for condition monitoring for a long time but cannot be implemented in real time. Many researchers have studied the use of the vibration and sound signals and acoustic emissions generated by the hydrodynamic journal bearing for detecting and diagnosing faults. The studies give relatively little information regarding surface vibration and airborne sound characteristics for self-aligning spherical journal bearings, nor has comprehensive condition monitoring been implemented for a particular self-aligning spherical bearing journal. Surface vibration, airborne sound analysis and acoustic emission monitoring can be used simultaneously to detect any signal emitted from the bearing at very wide frequency range. Sound vibration occurs in solid structure, liquid and gases transmitted to air surrounding create airborne sound. This study has conducted a thorough review of theoretical and experimental studies. The research began with designing and building a test rig consisting of a drive system, radial loading system, torsion loading system, the bearing testing system itself and control, data acquisition and measurement instrumentation systems include encoder, pressure transducers, thermocouples, load cells, vibration transducer, acoustic and acoustic emission sensors. Preliminary experiments were conducted to ensure all equipment and instrumentation worked well and also to test measurement repeatability. Preliminary experiment results showed that all the equipment either driving, loading, data acquisition and measurement system works well. Experimental analysis of the surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission analysis responses in time domain and frequency domain analysis include RMS value, Kurtosis and mean value showed good repeatability. The AE measurement response showed the best repeatability, followed by surface vibration and airborne response. Theoretical study shows that the self-aligning spherical journal bearing system under radial load generated surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission responses that originated from external force excitation such as fluctuating loads due to system misalignment or unbalance and internal excitation such as asperity in boundary or mixed operation. These excitations generate structure-borne vibration and acoustic emission. The structure-borne vibration dynamic responses then radiated airborne sound. Airborne sound also originated from oil pressure fluctuation and flow turbulence. The surface vibration and airborne sound frequency responses occur at frequencies < 100kHz and the acoustic emission frequency responses appear at high frequencies >100kHz. The amplitude and frequency of surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission is influence by radial load, shaft speed and surface quality of journal and bearing components themselves. The quality of asperity contact between journal and bearing may be due to manufacturing defect, lubricant and surface deterioration over time during operation. The experiments and analysis of the surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission characteristics of the self-aligning spherical journal bearing indicate that there is a positive correlation between the spectrum mean value of surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission with radial load and speed. Meanwhile, when use higher lubricant viscosity creates lower surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission mean amplitude. Investigation of lubricant deterioration due to water contaminant indicated that when use higher concentration contaminant in the lubricant generates higher spectrum mean value of surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission responses. The surface deterioration experiment showed that there is a clear significant different in the frequency domain of surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission between a scratched surface and a normal surface journal bearing. The surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission frequency characteristic for scratches and lubricant deterioration creates different peak amplitudes and different frequency. The larger the scratch generate the greater the amplitude and higher frequency. From of the three measurement systems used, acoustic emission is the most sensitive and a better detect of the bearing fault than followed by vibration and air-born sound measurement system. Therefore the acoustic emission measurement technique can be integrated with surface vibration, airborne sound for rotating machinery/engine condition monitoring. Using surface vibration, airborne sound and acoustic emission monitoring the symptoms of early damage at low, medium or high frequency can be detected and more severe and catastrophic failure can be prevented, and finally very high maintenance costs can be eliminated.
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The responses of structures to random pressuresMercer, C. A. January 1965 (has links)
No description available.
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Coupled finite element modelling and transduction analysis of a novel EMAT configuration operating on pipe steel materialsAshigwuike, Evans Chinemezu January 2014 (has links)
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) are advanced ultrasonic transducers that generate and detect acoustic waves in an electrically conducting material without making physical contact with the material unlike its counterpart, the piezoelectric transducers (PZT). The conventional EMAT consists of copper coil that generates the dynamic field when excited with a sinusoidal current, a permanent or electromagnet that provides the bias field and the conducting material specimen. The complex interaction between the bias field and the Eddy current induced within the skin depth of the conducting material by the dynamic field gives rise to the acoustic wave that then propagates within the surface of the material. Within the research a finite element EMAT model was developed using commercial software Comsol Multiphysics, to study and compare the Eddy current density and Lorentz force density generated by three EMAT configurations: The Meander-line, Spiral and Key Type EMAT configuration respectively. It was observed that apart from the ease of fabrication and simplicity of connectivity when stacked in layers, the Key Type coil EMAT showed a high tendency to generate higher amplitude of Eddy current and Lorentz force test materials especially when stacked in layers. Also, the effect of varying some key EMAT parameters was investigated to determine the optimal performance of Key Type EMAT configuration on CS70 pipe steel plate. The research further developed a coupled finite element model using the same software, Comsol Multiphysics to account for the generation, propagation and detection of acoustic wave by the Key Type EMAT configuration on CS70 grade of pipe steel. The model can solve the magnetostatic, electrodynamic and elastic equations that give rise to acoustic wave generation, propagation and detection on the test material. The developed coupled finite element model was validated both analytically and experimentally to establish the validity of the finite element model. The analytical and experimental results obtained were consistent with the numerical result with an average discrepancy less than 9 % percent. Finally, the research developed a novel modelling strategy to decouple and quantify the various transduction forces in operation when normally-biased EMAT and magnetostrictive EMAT configurations are used on various grades of pipe steel materials. The strategy established the value of the critical excitation current beyond which acoustic wave is generated solely by the dynamic Lorentz force mechanism. The critical excitation currents when Magnetostrictive EMAT configurations are used to generate acoustic wave was found to be; 268A, 274A, 279A, 290A and 305A for CS70, L80SS, L80A, TN80Cr3 and J55 respectively. While for Normally-Biased EMAT configurations, the critical excitation current was found to be 190A, 205A, 240A, 160A and 200A respectively. This work also compared the critical excitation current of the two EMAT configurations studied and established that normally-biased EMATs are more efficient in the generation of acoustic waves than their magnetostrictive counterpart due to their lower value of critical excitation current.
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Application of laser anemometry in acoustic measurement standardsMacGillivray, Thomas Joseph January 2002 (has links)
The absolute measurement of acoustic particle velocity using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) provides the basis for a method of microphone calibration. In this thesis, after the current standardized calibration method (called reciprocity) is explained, the application of LDA to the determination of sound pressure acting on a microphone is discussed. From a measurement of the output voltage for a given sound pressure, the sensitivity of the microphone can be calculated. In LDA, there are two different techniques for detecting and analysing the Doppler signal generated by acoustic particle motion: continuous detection followed by frequency or time domain analysis, and photon correlation. After a brief discussion of the theory of both methods, their application to measurements within a standing-wave tube is investigated. Velocity measurements extracted from Doppler signals are used to derive values of sound pressure, which are compared with probe microphone measurements. The continuous detection and photon correlation LDA systems are used to measure particle velocity amplitude in a standing wave for frequencies between 660 Hz and 4kHz and velocities between 1 mms⁻¹ and 18 mms⁻¹. LDA is applied to the measurement of microphone sensitivity. The frequency response of the probe microphone is characterized relative to the response of a reference microphone. From the frequency response information, the output voltage of the probe microphone, and the LDA derived sound pressure in a standing wave the sensitivity of the reference microphone is established. Using the continuous detection system, the microphone sensitivity is measured to within ±0.1 dB of the sensitivity obtained by reciprocity calibration for frequencies between 660 Hz and 2 kHz. Using the photon correlation system, the sensitivity is measured to within ±0.2 dB for the same frequency range. Initial measurements were performed in a free field environment, using the photon correlation system, to demonstrate the potential for further development of the LDA calibration technique.
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Modelling and analysis of nonlinear thermoacoustic systems using frequency and time domain methodsOrchini, Alessandro January 2017 (has links)
In this thesis, low-order nonlinear models for the prediction of the nonlinear behaviour of thermoacoustic systems are developed. These models are based on thermoacoustic networks, in which linear acoustics is combined with a nonlinear heat release model. The acoustic networks considered in this thesis can take into account mean flow and non-trivial acoustic reflection coefficients, and are cast in state-space form to enable analysis both in the frequency and time domains. Starting from linear analysis, the stability of thermoacoustic networks is investigated, and the use of adjoint methods for understanding the role of the system's parameters on its stability is demonstrated. Then, a nonlinear analysis using various state-of-the-art methods is performed, to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Two novel frameworks that fill some gaps in the available methods are developed: the first, called Flame Double Input Describing Function (FDIDF), is an extension of the Flame Describing Function (FDF). The FDIDF approximates the flame nonlinear response when it is forced simultaneously with two frequencies, whereas the FDF is limited to one frequency. Although more expensive to obtain, the FDIDF contains more nonlinear information than the FDF, and can predict periodic and quasiperiodic oscillations. It is shown how, in some cases, it corrects the prediction of the FDF about the stability of thermoacoustic oscillations. The second framework developed is a weakly nonlinear formulation of the thermoacoustic equations in the Rijke tube, in which the acoustic response is not limited to a single-Galerkin mode, and is embedded in a state-space model. The weakly nonlinear analysis is strictly valid only close to the expansion point, but is much cheaper than any other available method. The above methods are applied to relatively simple thermoacoustic configurations, in which the nonlinear heat release model is that of a laminar conical flame or an electrical heater. However, in real gas turbines more complex flame shapes are found, for which no reliable low-order models exist. Two models are developed in this thesis for turbulent bluff-body stabilised flames: one for a perfectly premixed flame, in which the modelling is focused on the flame-flow interaction, accounting for the presence of recirculation zones and temperature gradients; the second for imperfectly premixed flames, in which equivalence ratio fluctuations, modelled as a passive scalar field, dominate the heat release response. The second model was shown to agree reasonably well with experimental data, and was applied in an industrial modelling project.
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