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The research covered in this thesis encompasses the design of novel 3D displays, a consideration of 3D television requirements and a survey of autostereoscopic methods is also presented. The principle of operation of simple 3D display prototypes is described, and design of the components of optical systems is considered. A description of an appropriate non-contact infrared head tracking method suitable for use with 3D television displays is also included. The thesis describes how the operating principle of the displays is based upon a twoimage system comprising a pair of images presented to the appropriate viewers' eyes. This is achieved by means of novel steering optics positioned behind a direct view liquid crystal display (LCD) that is controlled by a head position tracker. Within the work, two separate prototypes are described, both of which provide 3D to a single viewer who has limited movement. The thesis goes on to describe how these prototypes can be developed into a multiple-viewer display that is suitable for television use. A consideration of 3D television requirements is documented showing that glassesfree viewing (autostereoscopic), freedom of viewer movement and practical designs are important factors for 3D television displays. The displays are novel in design in several important aspects that comply with the requirements for 3D television. Firstly they do not require viewers to wear special glasses, secondly the displays allow viewers to move freely when viewing and finally the design of the displays is practical with a housing size similar to modem television sets and a cost that is not excessive. Surveys of other autostereoscopic methods included within the work suggest that no contemporary 3D display offers all of these important factors.

This thesis provides a study of a single chip, multi-channel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging system. The equipment has no moving parts and uses a single sensor "chip" onto which multiple channels can be incorporated. A light emitting diode is used as a photon source while a CCD camera forms the detector. The optical configuration has been designed to achieve a uniform illumination of the sample over a fixed area with a range of incident angles. Poly(ethylene imine), PEI, poly(ethylene-co-maleic acid), PMAE, poly(styrene sulfonate), PSS, and a cationic modified polyacrylic ester, PMADAMBQ, are used as the molecular "bricks" in layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled organic architectures. Reflectivity changes in real time are used to follow the adsorption steps during the deposition of the multilayer films. Sensing experiments are mainly focused on the first row transition metals such as iron (II), nickel (II), copper (II)and zinc (II). Sensing of anionic sodium dodecylbenzene sulphate, C(_12)H(_25)C(_6)H(_4)SO(_3)Na, and a reversible pH-dependent response for a PEI/PMAE/PMADAMBQ LbL film are also reported. Using a two bilayer structure, PEI/PMAE/PMADAMBQ/PMAE, a detection limit of less of one part per million for copper ions in solution is measured. Atomic force microscopy is used to elucidate the morphology of the organic films. In some cases, the visualization of isolated polymeric chains is demonstrated. It is proved that polyelectrolytes of different charge density form dissimilar structures. The outer surface of PEI/PSS bilayers appears to be more uniform than that of PEI/PMAE bilayers. This is believed to have an influence on the sensing performance of the LbL architectures. The use of the SPR sensing system for simultaneous interrogation of different polyelectrolyte thin films is demonstrated. Two different LbL self-assembled films, PEI/PSS and PEI/PMAE, are built-up on the same chip. Their response to a variety of metal ions is shown to be independent and reasonably reproducible. Moreover, consistent results are obtained when using sensing chips stored for a relatively long time.