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In the light of the increasing terrorist SAMs threat to civil and military aircraft, the need of a high-fidelity, low-cost, IR signature scene modelling and simulation capability that could be used for development, testing and evaluation of IRCM systems cannot be overlooked. The performance evaluation, training and testing of IR missiles or other IR based weapon systems, is very expensive and is also dependent upon atmospheric factors. Whereas, the computer based non-destructive simulation can provide a cost-effective alternative to field trials. An effort has been made to model the IR scene signature using virtual reality modelling tools and integrating this model into the missile-target engagement and countermeasure simulator. The developed algorithm can simulate passive IR imaging seeker engagements with aerial targets. The presented algorithm uses the developed models for IR signature of the target, the background, the flare spectral and temporal responses and the flare ballistic trajectory. The missile guidance, auto-pilot and tracker algorithms have also been developed. The atmospheric conditions have been modelled, using LOWTRAN, as “good”, “typical” or “bad” to account for atmospheric transmittance and the sky-radiance. The results were analysed and validated through four test scenarios. The code is written in MATLAB which gives it openness for user verification/validation and also flexibility for any future modifications. The work presented may help the IRCM designer and pilots to evaluate potential strategies to defeat the imaging seeker threat.

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The focus of this work is the investigation of the complex compressible flow phenomena associated with high speed aerial weapons. A three dimen- sional multiblock finite volume flow solver was developed with the aim of studying the aerodynamics of missile configurations and their component structures. The first component of the study involved the aerodynamic investigation of the isolated components used in the design of conventional missile config- urations. The computational study of nine ogive-cylinder body experimental test cases is presented together with a new interpretation of the complex vortical flow including the windward appearance of a 'vortex shock wave'. In addition, a simple modification to improve the accuracy of the Baldwin- Lomax/Degani-Schi fl'' turbulence model is put forward, and the phenomenon of 'phantom vorticity' in Euler solutions and its alleviation are described. Inclined Delta Wings in supersonic flow were computed in order to study the aerodynamics of wings alone, and in particular the vortex-shock interactions which occur on their leeward surfaces. The second component of the study was the computational and experimen- tal investigation of a generic cruciform missile configuration. The compli- cated interactions between shock waves and boundary/shear layers that are seen to occur around and in the wake of the cruciform wing arrangement were studied and described. The third component of the research involved an assessment of the pre- diction technologies used in the design of modern weapons. In particular the role of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the process of design.

This is an examination of the determinants of weapons succession as they have operated in the United States since the early 1970s. It takes as its subject matter the joint-service development of the modular cruise missile. both strategic and tactical. What this example also provides is a chance to study the start-up of a programme which did not initially represent a follow-on to an existing system. Moreover. the revival of cruise missile development in the UnHed States. unlike the ground-breaking programmes which had led to the atomic bomb. the ICBM and the SlBM. was achieved against a background of apathy and resistance from the armed services. This study has attempted a critique both of orthodox analyses of the acquisition of weapons. which have explained armaments as a rational response to an external threat. and of theories of bureaucratic politics. which have largely been blind to the role of industry. This study concludes that to understand the determinants of weapons succession. it is necessary to examine the social structure of defence technology. This involves examining the role of the producers of military technology (the defence prime contractors). and the consumers (government and the services) and the relationship which exists between them. The cruise missile programmes constituted a challenge both to the existing missions of the services and the influence of the dominant aerospace corporations. It was a challenge which did not succeed. The cruise missile was assimilated by the services in ways which enhanced their dominant missions which are associated with particular weapons platforms. most notably the penetrating bomber and the aircraft carrier. Joint service development of the missile was staunchly resisted and is not part of the follow-on cruise missile programmes. The attempts made by the Joint Cruise Missile Project Office to reform acquisition were unsuccessful. Design-to-cost, second production sourcing and increased competition did not control the cost of the weapon. Indeed, the increasing involvement of aerospace companies in el ectronics has meant that they have been abl e to re-assert thei r dominant position as the main defence contractors. despite a severe slump in orders in the early 1970s. Domestic attempts to curb the weapons succession process have been thwarted by the influence of its dominant institutions in the United States. Yet the same can also be seen to apply to attempts at curbing the arms build up through direct external negotiations. It is not simply that bilateral nuclear arms control negotiations have failed to reduce the demand for weaponry: arms control has become an important demand factor in the weapons succession process. stimulating new weapons developments and legitimating weapons deployments. What this study demonstrates is that, to understand the nature of the arsenal, a range of dominant institutional influences must be addressed. Reform or change will only come about if the 'social stucture l of weapons technology is first understood.

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