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This thesis is concerned with the softly switched model predictive control (SS-MPC) theory and its application to optimal operation of water supply and distribution systems. For systems having control input saturation, a softly switched model predictive control scheme with two specific methods is proposed in order to achieve better switching transients than MPC controller hard switching. Stability properties of the SS-MPC are investigated and sufficient asymptotic stabilization conditions are derived. Taking state constraints and system uncertainty into account, a robustly feasible soft switching process is designed by bridging the old and new MPC controllers through a sequence of linked invariant sets. An invariant set based fast switching method is also developed in order to complete the switching process as fast as possible in the case of infeasible MPC controller hard switching while sacrificing the switching transients. The developed SS-MPC methodology is extended to the scope of hybrid predictive control, where a class of nonlinear hybrid dynamical systems are considered. For operational control purposes, a piecewise affine modelling method for water supply and distribution systems is proposed. The proposed control model enables predictive control strategies to be formulated as mixed integer linear inequalities and ensures that the obtained optimization solutions are global optima. The effectiveness of the proposed control modelling method and the softly switched model predictive control mechanism are finally verified by applying them to a simulated benchmark water supply and distribution network.

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Ce travail présente le contrôle en temps réel de la qualité de l’eau potable par la technologie intelligente. Le déploiement des capteurs dans les réseaux de distribution fournit une indication des risques de contamination. Cependant, l’utilisation de ces dispositifs innovants est récente et nécessite des expérimentations. Cette thèse vise à améliorer le retour d’expérience dans ce domaine. Elle présente la supervision en ligne de la qualité de l’eau dans le cadre des projets SunRise et “SmartWater4Europe”. La bibliographie montre l’impact de la contamination de l’eau sur la santé humaine et les inconvénients des méthodes conventionnelles de surveillance de la qualité de l’eau. Une expérimentation à grande échelle est menée dans le campus de l’Université de Lille, où deux types de capteurs (S::CAN and EventLab) sont implémentés. L’analyse des signaux enregistrés a montré l’occurrence de certains évènements, généralement corrélés avec la variation des paramètres hydrauliques ou des interventions sur le réseau. Différentes méthodologies pour la détection d’anomalie de l’eau sont présentées et appliquées aux données S::CAN. Les méthodes Statistiques et de l’Intelligence Artificielle (Machine à Vecteurs de Support) distinguent entre les mesures normales et inattendues. Un Système de Détection des Evènements (SDE), développé avec le logiciel Canary, a montré une bonne performance dans l’identification des anomalies de l’eau. La dernière partie propose une combinaison entre l’approche "Évaluation de risques" et "surveillance intelligente". La méthode développée détecte et classifie, en temps réel, le risque d’anomalie de l’eau, et identifie la priorité d’attention requise. / This works presents the real-time control of drinking water quality using the smart technology. The deployment of water quality sensors in the distribution networks provides indication of contamination risks. However, the use of these innovative devices is recent and yet requires field experimentations. This thesis enhances the feedback in this domain. It presents a field study of online supervision of water quality, within SunRise project. This work is also a part of the European project “SmartWater4Europe”. The literature review highlights the impact of water contamination on human health as well as the drawbacks of conventional water supervision methods. A large-scale experimentation is conducted at the Scientific Campus of Lille University, where two types of sensors (S::CAN and EventLab) are implemented. The detailed analysis of recorded water quality signals showed the occurrence of some events, generally correlated with the variation of hydraulic parameters or the network interventions. Different methodologies for the detection of water anomaly are presented and applied to S::CAN data. Statistical and Artificial Intelligence (Support Vector Machine) methods discriminate between normal and unexpected measurements. An Event Detection System (EDS), developed within Canary software, showed a good performance in the identification of water abnormalities. The last part proposes a combination between the risk assessment approach and the smart monitoring. The improved risk assessment methodology allows a real-time detection and classification of water anomaly risk as well as an identification of the priority attention required.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'évaluer les performances des systèmes proposés pour le contrôle en temps réel de la qualité d’eau dans le réseau d’eau potable. Il a été mené dans le cadre du projet européen SmartWater4Europeet du projet SunRise qui vise la construction d’un démonstrateur à grande échelle de la ville intelligente et durable sur le Campus de la Cité Scientifique. Le travail comporte 4 parties:La première partie présente une étude bibliographique des travaux réalisés sur le suivi en temps réel de la qualité de l’eau. Il présente les paramètres utilisés pour surveiller la qualité de l’eau et les technologies disponibles pour suivre ces paramètres.La seconde partie présente la construction d’un pilote en laboratoire pour l’analyse des performances des systèmes de contrôle de la qualité de l’eau et une description des systèmes utilisés (EventLab, s::can et Intellisonde). La troisième partie est consacrée à l’étude de l'efficacité du suivi du chlore pour la détection des contaminants microbiens. Les résultats montrent que le suivi du chlore constitue un outil efficace pour la surveillance de la qualité microbiologique de l'eau potable.La quatrième partie présente les réponses des systèmes utilisés à l’injection de contaminants. Les essais montrent une grande fiabilité d’EventLab et de S::can pour détecter les contaminants chimiques. Concernant les contaminants biologiques, s::can montre une capacité à détecter ces contaminants pour des concentrations bactériennes supérieures à 106UFC/ml.La dernière partie présente le réseau d'eau de la Cité Scientifique qui constitue le support du projet « SunRise». Les résultats des tests de contrôle de la qualité de l’eau sont présentés et analysés. On donne aussi la localisation des systèmes de contrôle de la qualité de l’eau qui seront installés sur le réseau d’eau. / The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the performance of systems proposed for real-time monitoring of water quality in the drinking water network. It was conducted within the European project SmartWater4Europe and SunRise project, which aims at the construction of a demonstrator of the smart city on the campus of the“Cité Scientifique”. The work consists of 4parts:The first part presents a literature review of the work conducted on the real-time monitoring of water quality. It shows the parameters used to monitor the water quality and the technologies available to monitor these parameters.The second part presents the construction of a Lab pilot for analyzing the performance of the water quality control systems. After a description of the systems used in this thesis(EventLab, s :: can and Intellisonde), we present the procedure followed for the realization of contaminant.The third part is devoted to the study of the performance of chlorine monitoring for detection of microbial contaminants. The results show that monitoring of chlorine constitutes an effective tool for monitoring the microbiological quality of drinking water.The fourth part presents the responses of EventLab and s::can to the injection of contaminants. Tests show a high reliability of EventLab and s::can to detect chemical contaminants. Regarding biological contaminants, s::can shows an ability to detect these contaminants for bacterial concentrations exceeding 106UFC/ml.The final part presents the water network of Cité Scientifique. The results of the water quality control are presented and analyzed. It also gives the location of the water quality control systems that will be installed on the water network.

This thesis is concerned with the optimal design of Water Distribution Networks (WDNs). The design involves finding an acceptable trade-off between cost minimisation and the maximisation of numerous system benefits. The primary design problem involves cost-effective specification of a pipe network layout and pipe sizes in order to satisfy expected consumer water demands within required pressure limits. The design of a WDN has many variable parameters such as position and size of the water sources, position and the size of the pipes and position of the treatment plants. However, the layout is constrained by the location of existing facilities such as streets and buildings and other geographic features. The total costs may consist of the cost of network materials such as pipes, construction works and system operation and maintenance. The problem may be extended to consider the design of additional components, such as reservoirs, tanks, pumps and valves. Practical designs must also cater for the uncertainty of demand, the requirement of surplus capacity for future growth, and the hydraulic reliability of the system under different demand and potential failure conditions. The thesis reviews the literature related to water distribution networks, their design and optimisation. It then presents a Genetic Algorithm (GA) formulation to assist in developing the design of a water distribution network. The main aim of this research is to investigate the possibility of combining GAs and GIS in the design optimisation. A decision mechanism is developed which enables the model to reach a meaningful solution and provide a practical design technique for WDNs. The aim is also to provide an experimental analysis of the combined GA and decision mechanism to solve the problem in hand and to assess the robustness of these techniques when applied to different instances. An initial prototype model is presented for the design of a WDN which is used to determine the necessary features of the 'final' model. These features include the world in which the model will be built, the design of the fitness function, chromosome representation, and GA operators. The research mainly concluded that the initial model prototype was useful to determine the necessary features and to produce the final model which enables a variety of necessary factors to be explicitly included in the design of WDNs. This initial model suggested that the final model should include the decision mechanism, which is a matter of policy management and hydraulics, and hydraulic principles which allowed to compare the behaviour of different parameters and to simulate the functioning of the network under different scenarios. Water allocation and distribution policies can be applied according to the importance of the demand area and the ability of the system to deliver sufficient water amounts. These policies link essential hydraulic and institutional relationships as well as water uses and users and allocation decision-making process. It was also found that the representation of the world layout is important. The world is described in GIS in terms of models that define the concepts and procedures needed to translate real-world features into data. The important aspects in the chromosome representation are the node positions, the links. In this case, a chromosome must contain the three-dimensional node coordinates, the connection between nodes, the head required to pump the water. The best model parameters were extracted to be used in real-life situations. The result of tests on an example world demonstrated that the model was successful, and the potential exists for the use of this formulation in more complex and real-world scenarios.

Το βασικό θέμα της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η χρήση μεταευρετικών τεχνικών για την επίλυση ενός συνδυαστικού προβλήματος βελτιστοποίησης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, ένας μεταευρετικός αλγόριθμος προσομοιωμένης ανόπτησης δημιουργήθηκε προκειμένου να αποκτηθεί το ελάχιστο κόστος λειτουργίας ενός κυκλικού δικτύου διανομής νερού. Η προσομοιωμένη ανόπτηση είναι μία στοχαστική μέθοδος βελτιστοποίησης που μπορεί να ανταποκριθεί καλά σε μεγάλης κλίμακας προβλήματα βελτιστοποίησης διακριτής ή συνδυαστικής μορφής, αλλά στο πρόβλημα που επιλύθηκε Αρχικά παρουσιάζονται τα χαρακτηριστικά και τα επιμέρους στοιχεία των δικτύων διανομής νερού μαζί με τους νόμους της φυσικής που τα διέπουν. Ειδικότερη προσοχή δίνεται στο πιο ακριβό στοιχείο, την αντλία. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται το EPANET, ένα πακέτο λογισμικού για τη μοντελοποίηση δικτύων ύδρευσης, μαζί με το programmers toolkit που θα επιτρέψει την αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ Java και του λογισμικού μοντελοποίησης του δικτύου. Στο 6ο κεφάλαιο μία εφαρμογή προτείνεται, ο στόχος της οποίας είναι η ελαχιστοποίηση του κόστους και της κατανάλωσης της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Η εφαρμογή μετά δοκιμάζεται στο πρόβλημα Van Zyl, ένα δίκτυο διανομής νερού μικρής κλίμακας που είναι κατάλληλο για δοκιμές εξαιτίας του γεγονότος ότι πολλές διαμορφώσεις προγράμματος λειτουργίας αντλιών είναι έγκυρες, παρέχοντας έτσι μία μεγάλη ποικιλία προγραμμάτων λειτουργίας. Η μέθοδος της προσομοιωμένης ανόπτησης παρουσιάζεται στη συνέχεια σταδιακά και τα αποτελέσματα απεικονίζονται με τη βοήθεια πινάκων και σχεδιαγραμμάτων. Το τελευταίο κεφάλαιο συζητά γενικά συμπεράσματα που αφορούν νέα πεδία προς αναζήτηση τα οποία θα μπορούσαν να βελτιώσουν τις μεθόδους βελτιστοποίησης των προβλημάτων χρονοπρογραμματισμού αντλιών δικτύων ύδρευσης / The main topic of this diploma thesis is the use of metaheuristics for solving a combinatorial optimization problem. In particular, a simulated annealing metaheuristic was developed to obtain the least cost operation of a looped water distribution network. Simulated annealing is a stochastic optimization method that can work well for large-scale optimization problems that are cast in discrete or combinatorial form, and with the problem solved. First of all water distribution systems’ characteristics and components are stated along with the laws of physics that govern them. Particular attention is given to the most expensive component of all, the pump. Then, EPANET, a public domain, water distribution system modeling software package is presented along with the programmers’ toolkit that will enable the interaction between Java and the network modeling software. In Chapter 6, one application is proposed, whose goal is to minimize electricity cost and consumption. The application will then be tested on the Van Zyl Test Problem, a water distribution system of small scale that is well suited for testing due to the fact that many pump configurations are valid, providing a vast range of configurations. The method of simulated annealing is then presented gradually, and the results will be depicted with the help of plots and tables. The final chapter also discusses general conclusions concerning new fields for research that could improve the optimization techniques for pump scheduling problems.

Le travail de thèse porte sur l'utilisation des réseaux d’eau potable intelligents pour la détection des fuites. Il s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet SunRise qui vise à transformer la Cité Scientifique de l’Université de Lille en une ville intelligente et durable. Le campus représente une petite ville de 25000 habitants. Ce travail fait également partie du projet européen SmartWater4Europe, qui vise à développer 4 démonstrateurs des réseaux d’eau intelligents. Le travail comporte 5 parties. La première partie comprend une étude bibliographique sur les technologies pour la détection des fuites. La deuxième partie présente le démonstrateur SunRise Smart City, qui sert de support pour cette thèse. Cette partie détaille les instrumentations installées dans le site et les tests de simulation des fuites pour analyser l’efficacité d’un système acoustique de détection des fuites. La troisième partie comporte une analyse de consommation d’eau à différentes échelles pour les sous-compteurs et les compteurs généraux. Cette analyse est menée à l’aide d’une plateforme développée pour faciliter l’agrégation et l’interprétation des données. Cette partie présente aussi les fuites majeures en 2015. La quatrième partie concerne la détection des fuites en se basant sur le bilan d’eau. Elle présente aussi la stratégie du Contrôle Actif des Fuites (CAF) appliquée sur le site afin de réduire le niveau de l’Eau Non-Vendue (ENV). La dernière partie comporte l’application des méthodes avancées pour la détection des fuites. Ces méthodes comprennent l’approche CFPD ‘Comparison of Flow Pattern Distribution’, la méthode du Débit Nocturne Minimal (DNM) et deux approches statistiques développées. / This work concerns the use of the Smart Water Technology for the detection of water leakage. It is a part of SunRise project which aims at turning the Scientific Campus of the University of Lille into a large scale demonstrator site of the "Smart and Sustainable City". The campus is representative to a small town of 25000 inhabitants. This work is also a part of the European Project SmartWater4 Europe, which aims to develop 4 demonstrators of the Smart Water Technology. This thesis includes five parts. The first part includes a literature review concerning the technologies used in leakage detection. The second part presents the SunRise Smart City demonstrator, which is used as a basis for this thesis. This section details the instrumentation installed in the demo site as well as leak simulations tests to analyze the efficiency of an acoustic system of leakage detection. The third part focuses on the analysis of the water consumption at different time scales. Analysis concerns both sub-meters and bulk meters. It is conducted using a platform for the aggregation and the interpretation of the data. This part presents also major leakage events in 2015. The fourth part concerns leak detection using the water balance calculation based on the top down and bottom up approaches. It also presents the Active Leakage Control (ALC) strategy applied to the demo site in order to reduce the level of Non-Revenue Water (NRW). The last part concerns the use of advanced methods for leak detection with application on the campus data. These methods include the Comparison of Flow Pattern Distribution Method (CFPD), the Minimum Night Flow (MNF) method and two developed statistical approaches.