No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis is an analysis and a comparative study of current trends in Waste Management in the UK and Malaysia. The focus is on identifying the policy and strategy framework of Sustainable Waste Management as adopted in the UK and its application for future waste planning and management in Malaysia. The research on the UK waste management practices was done through analyses of official waste policy documents from 35 English counties. Analyses of the 615 policy statements revealed 52 issues and repetitions of terms or terminologies which were labelled in the analyses as 'variables'. These variables were grouped into five categories which were further analysed by; category, county and source of documents. It was discovered that solid waste management in the UK is well institutional ised and legislated. The UK legislative framework provides policy makers with accessible information so as to identify the objectives and to construct necessary measures for sustainable waste management policies. It also established, that the waste management industry needs active participation both from the public and private sectors A case study on Malaysian waste management indicated a total contrast with those discovered in the UK studies. The present Malaysian waste management systems have to be improved with the introduction of specific legislation on waste and the formation of the correct institutions to overlook the Country's waste activities. The research enabled the author to produce a concise set of recommendations for the improved handling of waste in Malaysia.

No description available.

The development of waste management legislation in the 1990's has placed great importance on the sustainability of waste disposal/treatment options. Landfill of wastes is increasingly seen as a last resort and reduction, re-use and recovery of wastes is encouraged. The wastes investigated in this study (caustic tar and sewage sludges) are often disposed of by non-sustainable methods. In addition production of sewage sludge will have doubled by 2005 and disposal options are increasingly limited. Alternative treatment options are required for both these waste types that offer re-use potential. In this study the carbonisation and activation of these wastes has been demonstrated to be an effective means of treatment that also produces adsorbents that can be safely and usefully applied to treatment of aqueous waste streams. Previous studies have examined the production of clay-carbon adsorbents from spent bleaching earth and limited studies have been conducted on producing adsorbents from sewage sludges. However, the majority of these have limited investigations to production of oils from sludge and no previous studies of caustic tar carbonisation have been conducted. Treatment of caustic tar involved neutralisation with HCl and absorption of the organic content of the waste by Fullers or Acid Activated Earth. The clay-waste mix was subsequently carbonised (375°C for 2 hours) and activated using an optimised ZnClj activation procedure (600°C for 1 hour). Activated carbons were produced from sewage sludges using carbonisation (500°C for 2 hours), CO^ activation (700°C for I hour) and ZnCl^ activation (450°C for 2 hours and 600°C for 1 hour). The adsorbents produced had well developed porosity and large surface areas (up to 225mVg for caustic tar derived carbons and up to 995mVg for sewage sludge based carbons) and were adsorptive of a range of organic pollutants common in effluents. ZnC^ activated, un-digested sewage sludges proved to be the most effective adsorbents. COj activated sewage sludges and caustic tar derived carbons had similar adsorption capacities for the organic pollutants studied. Leaching tests demonstrated that metals present in the adsorbents other than the ZnClj activated carbons were not readily leachable and would not prevent re-use of the carbons in the treatment of aqueous effluents.

No description available.