The development of a flexible, high-fidelity, generic simulation of transatmospheric and interplanetary motion is described. The simulation incorporates aerodynamic and gravitational force modelling implemented in a Cartesian reference co-ordinate set. Propagation of the motion of a vehicle is carried out in a "working" reference frame whose origin is determined by the current gravitational sphere of influence. A semi-analytic model of planetary motion propagates the motion of the nine planets and six major moons, allowing simulation at any point within the solar system. Expansion and improvement of the model is facilitated through the vector formulation of the problem. The use and applicability of the method of matched asymptotic expansions is examined as a means of producing high quality trajectory predictions quickly and easily. Ballistic launch and entry trajectories are considered incorporating a velocity dependent model for the aerodynamic drag coefficient. Using the derived relations direct launch is considered as a low-cost means of transporting acceleration insensitive payloads to a space station in low Earth orbit. In addition, it is shown that the high quality trajectory predictions may be obtained using a simple spreadsheet package. Analytic modelling is also used as the basis of a highly robust, computationally efficient, controller design for autonomous aerocapture in the context of the lunar return problem. The validity of this approach to lunar return is examined and found to be of considerable potential in both its robustness and the potential improvements in payload mass-fraction available through the substantial fuel savings over direct return to Earth or propulsive return to a space station. The study shows that, using the derived control, the aerocapture manoeuvre can be successfully performed with existing material and technological capabilities.

Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai étudié l'impact des stress associés aux vols spatiaux sur l'immunité humorale du pleurodèle et de la souris. Chez le pleurodèle adulte, j'ai d'abord étudié l'utilisation des gènes VH lors de la synthèse des chaînes lourdes d'anticorps suite à une immunisation pendant 5 mois à bord de Mir (expérience Genesis en 1999). J'ai ensuite étudié le processus de maturation de l'affinité des anticorps chez ces mêmes animaux. Ce processus s'effectue par l'apparition d'hypermutations somatiques dans les segments variables des gènes d'anticorps. Ces travaux ont permis de montrer que les segments VH sont utilisés différemment sur Terre et dans Mir et que la fréquence des hypermutations est diminuée suite au vol. Ensuite, j'ai étudié l'impact des stress rencontrés lors d'un autre vol spatial sur la synthèse des premiers anticorps (IgM) chez le pleurodèle en développement (expérience AMPHIBODY en 2006). Le taux d'IgM étant modifié suite à cette expérience, nous avons recréé sur Terre chacun des stress rencontrés en vol (microgravité, hypergravité, choc thermique, radiations, perturbation du rythme circadien et confinement) afin de connaître le(s) stress responsable(s) de cette modification. Ainsi, seule la gravité modifiée affecte l'expression des IgM. Enfin, j'ai étudié l'impact de l'hypergravité (2G et 3G) sur la réponse au stress et le système immunitaire de la souris. Nous avons mis en évidence une réponse physiologique et comportementale au stress à 3G mais pas à 2G. Pourtant, des modifications du système immunitaire sont constatées dès 2G. Cela montre qu'une modification de la gravité, associée ou non à une réponse au stress, affecte le système immunitaire / During my PhD, I studied the impact of spaceflight-associated stresses on Pleurodeles waltl and Mus musculus humoral immunity. In adult P. waltl immunized during 5 months onboard the Mir space station (Genesis experiment in 1999), I first determined how individual VH genes are used. Then, I studied antibodies affinity maturation in these animals. This maturation implies the introduction of somatic hypermutations (SHM) in DNA encoding the variable segments of antibodies genes. These two pieces of work have shown that variable segments of heavy chain gene are differently used and that SHM frequency is reduced when immunization occurs in space. Then, I studied antibodies production during animal development onboard the international space station (ISS) (AMPHIBODY experiment in 2006). The antibodies production being increased in larvae that developed in the ISS, we recreated in the laboratory each stress encountered during the spaceflight (hypergravity, microgravity, heat shock associated to the re-entry in the atmosphere, radiations, perturbation of circadian rhythm and confinement) to determine their impact on IgM heavy chain transcription. This allowed to observe that only gravity changes affect this transcription. Finally, I studied the impact of hypergravity (2G and 3G) on the murine immune system. I observed physiological and behavioural stress responses in mice exposed to 3G but not in 2G mice. However, immune system alterations were observed in both the 2G and 3G groups, suggesting that gravity modifications, associated or not with stress responses, are responsible for immune system modifications