The purpose of this study was to explore the practices and processes executed by middle managers as practitioners during the implementation of strategy. In order to do that, this study investigated the problem of strategy implementation, analysed existing literature, identified the gaps, and explored the roles of middle managers in terms of strategy practices and processes, specifically in the South African Defence Evaluation and Research Institutes (DERI) context. Resources, time and effort are applied to formulating strategy but less of these to the execution of the strategy which includes the emotions, motivations and actions that are intangible during the implementation of strategy. The study therefore attempts to answer the following research question: What practices and processes are employed in strategy implementation in DERIs in South Africa? The literature study was undertaken with the objective of mapping the research problem and to highlight, through critical discussion, the latest work done on the subject of this study. The gap in relation to research work was identified and the contribution is clear that not much work has been done in this environment. Research is a systematic process where information on a specific topic is gathered in order to increase understanding of that phenomenon. A qualitative study was performed and data was obtained from several institutes through interviews, documents and questionnaires in order to build a rich database that could be analysed for the required output. Engagement with the first level of management as well as the next level management teams ensured that a representative population group was used during this study. The data was organised, categorised, interpreted, identified, synthesised and generalised. The quotations identified from the text were coded through inductive coding and grouped into categories until a logical theme, category and concept was formed. The objective of this research was to investigate, identify and understand what the strategy practices and processes are that make highly technical and scientific institutes execute strategies successfully. The study provided insight into and clarity on the complexity of the strategy implementation process as executed by middle managers, particularly in the South African context. The link was explored between formulation and implementation as applied by middle managers as practitioners and the practices and processes in use were identified. It was demonstrated that the outcome of this research is applicable to the research problem and also provides an understanding of the phenomenon, namely strategy practices and processes in use at the Defence Evaluation and Research Institutes. It can therefore be concluded that the research objective was achieved. / Business Management / D.B.L.

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / This study was conducted to address a distinct lack of knowledge regarding strategizing as a function of social interaction. Social researchers like Critchley contend that an organisation should essentially be regarded as an evolving product of people’s continuous interaction resulting in shared meaning. In subscribing to Critchley’s premise, and assuming that strategy inquiry is an empirically informed social science, the current study consequently set out to gain an understanding of how social interaction between practitioners shapes organisational strategizing and subsequent strategic outcomes. The strategy-as-practice perspective served as an integrative lens for the current research. This perspective that subscribes to the practice turn in social research, focuses on the actual practices (praxis) of strategy actors (practitioners) within unique organisational settings with unique strategizing tools, techniques and artefacts (practices). Informed by the philosophical underpinnings of a pragmatic worldview and a qualitatively driven mixed methods approach, a case study design allowed for in-depth analyses of multiple sources of empirical data to facilitate an understanding of the research phenomena. In addition to exploring social interaction during episodes of strategy practice, the current research investigated how practitioners’ motivations to interact shape and are shaped by ongoing interactions and meaning making. The current study also examined how external and internal organisational contexts, including organisational practices, influence and are influenced by ongoing social interactions. Two small private higher education institutions that reflect the typology of most private providers in the South African higher education landscape were selected for the case study. These private providers face numerous challenges in a tough current economic climate. Private providers further fulfil a pivotal role in the demand absorption of a growing need for higher education in South Africa. The main findings of the current research confirmed that strategizing at the two case study organisations is indeed mainly a function of social interaction. Strategizing is mostly shaped by people as emotional beings. Strategizing is the product of sometimes-irrational interactions and subsequent constantly evolving shared meanings and relationships between people. It is the social interaction between strategy actors during episodes of strategy praxis that serves as a social mechanism in transforming strategizing intent into strategy outcomes. Different strategy actors employ a wide array of techniques to get their ideas or views accepted during strategy-related interactions. Findings indicated that the selected strategies at the two case study organisations are mostly not based on objective reasoning linked to a clear plan or vision, but rather on strategy actors’ abilities in getting their ideas to be accepted by the group. Findings further suggested that the owners of the respective case study organisations strongly influence how things are done during episodes of strategy praxis. Strategizing at both companies is informal and comprises mostly of reacting to challenges and dealing with crises. Both organisations follow a differentiation strategy. Safety and security; employment prospects, as well as certain academic issues like small classes for better learning can be regarded as areas of competitive advantage for both. The proliferation of private providers, significant investment in private higher education, as well as private provision’s important demand absorption role suggest that there is a definite future for private higher education in South Africa. The intended main contribution of the current research is to facilitate an understanding of how social interaction as social mechanism shapes strategizing and resultant strategic outcomes. The understanding of the social world supposedly increases as the collection of the compatible causal mechanisms grows – where mechanisms reveal how the observed relationships between phenomena are created and are explained. The findings of the current research could thus serve as a building block in accumulating social science theory regarding this unexplored avenue of interaction-driven strategy research. To this end, a conceptual framework is proffered to guide similar future studies. The current study provided a glimpse into the strategy-workings of two small private higher education providers and ultimately contributes towards the growing body of knowledge regarding private provision within the South African higher education landscape / Hierdie studie is uitgevoer om die kennelike gebrek aan kennis oor strategie as ʼn funksie van sosiale interaksie aan te spreek. Sosiale navorsers soos Critchley beweer dat ʼn organisasie in wese beskou moet word as ʼn ontwikkelende produk van mense se deurlopende interaksie wat aanleiding gee tot gedeelde betekenis. In ooreenstemming met Critchley se veronderstelling dat strategiese ondersoek ʼn sosiale wetenskap is wat empiries ingelig is, was die uitgangspunt van die bepaalde studie gevolglik om te begryp hoe sosiale interaksie tussen praktisyns organisasiestrategie en gevolglike strategiese uitkomste bepaal. Die strategie-as-praktyk-perspektief het as ʼn integrerende lens vir die bepaalde navorsing gedien. Hierdie perspektief wat ooreenstem met die praktykomwenteling in sosiale navorsing, fokus op die werklike praktyke van strategierolspelers (-praktisyns) in unieke organisasie-omgewings met unieke strategie-instrumente, -tegnieke en -artefakte (praktyke). Ingelig deur die filosofiese ondersteuning van ʼn pragmatiese wêreldbeskouing en ʼn gemengde metodiek van kwalitatiewe benadering, het ʼn gevallestudieontwerp voorsiening gemaak vir indringende ontleding van verskeie bronne empiriese data om ʼn begrip van die navorsingsfenomene te fasiliteer. Bykomend tot die ondersoek van sosiale interaksie tydens episodes van strategiepraktyk, het die bepaalde navorsing ondersoek hoe praktisyns se motivering om in interaksie te wees deurlopende interaksie en betekenisgewing vorm en daardeur gevorm word. Die bepaalde studie het ook ondersoek hoe eksterne en interne organisasiekontekste, insluitend organisasiepraktyke, deurlopende sosiale interaksie beïnvloed en daardeur beïnvloed word. Twee klein privaathoëronderwysinstansies wat die tipologie van die meeste privaatverskaffers in die Suid-Afrikaanse hoëronderwysomgewing weerspieël, is vir die gevallestudie geselekteer. Hierdie privaatverskaffers het te make met verskeie uitdagings in die bepaalde moeilike ekonomiese klimaat. Privaatverskaffers vervul ʼn kernrol in die vraagabsorpsie van ʼn toenemende behoefte aan hoër onderwys in Suid-Afrika. Die hoofbevindings van die bepaalde navorsing het bevestig dat strategie by die twee organisasies in die gevallestudie wel hoofsaaklik ʼn funksie van sosiale interaksie is. Strategie word meestal gevorm deur mense as emosionele wesens. Strategie is die produk van interaksie wat soms irrasioneel is asook gevolglike gedeelde betekenis en verhoudings tussen mense wat konstant ontwikkel. Dit is die sosiale interaksie tussen strategierolspelers tydens periodes van strategiepraktyk wat dien as ʼn sosiale meganisme wat strategievoorneme in strategiese uitkomste transformeer. Verskillende strategierolspelers gebruik ʼn wye verskeidenheid tegnieke om hulle idees of beskouings tydens strategieverwante interaksie aanvaarbaar te maak. Die bevindings het aangedui dat die geselekteerde strategieë by die twee gevallestudie-instansies meestal nie op objektiewe beredenering wat inskakel by ʼn duidelike plan of visie gebaseer word nie, maar eerder op strategierolspelers se vermoë om hulle idees vir die groep aanvaarbaar te maak. Bevindings het verder bevestig dat die eienaars van die onderskeidelike gevallestudie-instansies ʼn groot invloed het hoe dinge tydens episodes van strategiepraktyk gedoen word. Strategie by albei maatskappye is informeel en bestaan meestal uit reaksie op uitdagings en hantering van krisisse. Albei organisasies volg ʼn differensiëringstrategie. Veiligheid en sekuriteit, werkverskaffingsvooruitsigte asook bepaalde akademiese aangeleenthede soos kleiner klasse vir beter leer, kan beskou word as gebiede van mededingingsvoordeel vir albei. Die proliferasie van privaatverskaffers, beduidende investering in hoër onderwys, asook die belangrike vraagabsorpsierol van privaatverskaffers dui daarop dat daar beslis ʼn toekoms vir privaathoëronderwys in Suid-Afrika is. Die beplande hoofbydrae van die bepaalde navorsing is om ʼn begrip te fasiliteer van hoe sosiale interaksie as sosiale meganisme strategie en gevolglike strategiese uitkomste vorm. Begrip van die sosiale wêreld neem waarskynlik toe soos die versameling van die versoenbare kousale meganismes groei – waar meganismes openbaar hoe die waargenome verhoudings tussen fenomene geskep en verduidelik word. Die bevindings van die bepaalde navorsing kan dus dien as ʼn boublok om sosialewetenskapsteorie te akkumuleer oor hierdie onverkende baan van interaksiegedrewe strategienavorsing. Om hierdie rede, word ʼn konseptuele raamwerk aangebied as riglyn vir soortgelyke toekomstige studies. Die bepaalde studie het ʼn blik gebied op die strategiese werking van twee klein privaathoëronderwysverskaffers en uiteindelik bygedra tot die toenemende kennisgeheel van privaatverskaffing in die Suid-Afrikaanse hoëronderwysomgewing. / Ucwaningo lwenzelwe ukubhekana nokusweleka kolwazi maqondana nokwenza isu njengomsebenzi wokusebenzisana kwabantu. Abacwaningi ngabantu, abanjengoCritchley, babeka ukuthi inhlangano kumele ithathwe njengento eguqukayo nenqubo yabantu yokusebenzisana kwabantu okunomphumela wokwabelwana ngencazelo Ngokulandela inqubo kaCritchley, kanye nokuthatha ngokuthi ukuphenyisisa isu yinto esekelwe ubufakazi obusekelwe yisayense ngabantu, ucwaningo lwamanje, ngakho-ke lufuna ukuthola ngokusebenzisana kwabantu phakathi kwemifanekiso yama-practitioner, ukwenza isu lenhlangano kanye nemiphumela ebalulekile elandelayo. Isu njengenqubo eyenziwayo nombono lisebenze njengesibuko esihlangane kucwaningo lwamanje. Umbono ohambisana nenqubo yokwenza kucwaningo ngabantu ugxila kwinqubo yokwenza yangempela (praxis) ngalabo abasebenza ngesu (practitioners) kwisimo esingavamile senhlangano enamathuluzi angavamile okwenza isu, amathekniki kanye nezinto ezenziwa ngezandla zama-artefact (practices). Ngokusekelwa kwisisekelo sefilosofi ngombono womhlaba wokwenza ngokubambekayo kanye nendlela exubene yokwenza ye-qualitative, idizayini yesifundo ngesibonelo, kuvumele ukuthi kwenziwe uhlaziyo olunzulu ngemithombo ehlukene yolwazi olutholakale ngobufakazi bophenyisiso, kusize ukuqondisisa ngento okwenziwa ngayo ucwaningo. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ukuphenya ngokusebenzisana kwabantu ngesikhathi sezikhawu zokwenzeka kwezinto, ucwaningo lwamanje luhenyisisa ngokuthi ngabe ama-practitioner agqugquzelwa yini ukwenza umumo wobunjalo kanye nokuthi lowo mumo nawu ube nomphumela kubo ngokuqhubekela phambili kanye nokuthi kube nencazelo. Ucwaningo lwamanje, lubuye luhlole nokuthi ngabe izimo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kwenhlangano, ezibandakanya inqubo yokusebenza kwenhlangano, zinomthelela kanjani futhi nazo zibawumthelela kanjani kwezokuxhumana nokusebenzisana kwabantu. Izikhungo ezimbili ezincane zemfundo ephakeme ezibonisa ithayipholoji yabahlinzeki abaningi bangasese kwindawo yemfundo ephakeme eNIngizimu Afrika ziye zakhethwa. Laba bahlinzeki bangasese babhekene nezinselele ezihlukene kumkhakha onzima wamanje kwezomnotho. Abahlinzeki bangasese babuye badlale indima ebalulekile nokuthi badinga ukuthi banganyelwe kwisidingo esikhulayo semfundo ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika. Okuthokele kakhulu ngocwaningo lwamanje kuqinisa ukuthi ukwenza isu ngeziboniso ezimbili zocwaningo, kwinhlangano, kuyadingeka ikakhulukazi njengomsebenzi wokusebenzisana kwabantu. Ukwenza isu kuvamise ukusekelwa ngabantu njengabantu abanemizwa ngokomoya. Ukwenza isu kungumphumela wokuthi ngezinye izikhathi kuba nokusebenzisana okungenasizathu esibambekayo kanti imiphumela kuvamise ukuba ngeshintshayo nokwabelana ngesizathu sayo kanye nobuhlobo bayo phakathi kwabantu. Ukusebenzisa kwabantu phakathi kwalabo abenza isu ngezikhathi zenqubo yokwenza okusiza njengendlela yabantu ekuguquleni inhloso yesu ukuze libe yisu elinemiphumela. Abantu abenza amasu abehlukene basebenzisa amathekniki ehlukene ukwenza ukuthi imibono yabo kanye nezindlela ababona ngayo izinto kwemukeleke ngesikhathi sokuxhumana mayelana namasu. Imiphumela etholakele ikhombisa ukuthi amasu akhethiwe kwizifundo zezibonelo ezimbili zezinhlangano zisekelwe kwizizathu ezingatshekele ohlangothini oluthize, kodwa esihambisana nohlelo olucacile kanye nombono, kodwa kuncike kumakhono abenzi bamasu ekwenzeni ukuthi imibono yabo yemukeleke eqenjini. Okunye okuthokakele kubuye kwaphakamisa nokuthi abanikazi bezinhlangano okwenziwa ngazo iziboniso zesifundo banomthelela kakhulu ngokuthi izinto zenziwe kanjani ngezikhathi zenqubo ebambekayo yokwenza. Ukwenza amasu kuzo zimbili izinkampani kwenziwa ngendlela engahlelekile kakkhulu, kanti kuquka ekuncikeni ekuphenduleni kwizinselele kanye nokuphendula kwizimo ezisikazayo ezivelayo. Zombili izinhlangano zilandela amasu ehlukahlukene. Ukuphepha nokuvikeleka, amathuba emisebenzi kanye nezinto ezithile zesiakhademiki ezifana namaklasi amancane ukuze kufundeke kangcono nakho nngeminye yemikkhakha esiza kakhulu ekuphumeleleni. Ukubakhona ngobuningi kwabahlinzeki bangasese, ukutshalwa kakhulu kwezimali kwimfundo yangasese ephakeme, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwmefundo yangasese kanye nesidingo sendima yokumuncwa ngokwenganyelwa, kuphakamisa ukuthi likhona ikusasa langampela lemfundo yangasese ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika. Inhloso eqondiwe ngokuthela esivivaneni kocwaningo lwamanje ukusiza ekutheni kube nokuqondisisa ngokuthi ukusebenzisana kwabantu njengendlela yokubumba amasu kanye nemiphumela kungasiza kanjani. Ukuqondisisa ngomkhakha wabantu kuyenyuka njengoba kukhula ukuqoqana kwezindlela zokwenza – lapho khona izindlela zokwenza ziveza ukuthi ngabe ubudlelwane obubhekiwe nobuqashelwayo bungabanjani uma kuqhathaniswa izinto ezenziwe futhi nokuthi zichazwa kanjani. Okutholakele ngocwaningo lwamanje kungasiza ngokuba yisakhelo ekuqokeleleni itiyori yesayense ngabantu maqondana nalo mkhakha ongakaphenyisiswa ngokwanele kwisu elixhumene ngokusebenzisana locwaningo. Maqondana nalokhu, uhlaka lombono luyahlinzekwa ukuba ngumkhombandlela kucwaningo lwangekusasa. Ucwaningo lwamanje luveze kancane ukusebenza kwesu kwizikhungo ezimbili ezincane zabahlinzeki ngemfundo ephakeme yangasese, kanti futhi luthela esivivaneni ekukhuleni kolwazi ngokuhlinzekwa kwemfundo yangasase emkhakheni wemfundo ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika. / Business Management / D. Com. (Business Management)

Abstracts in English, Zulu and Southern Sotho / Middle managers are tasked with supporting new initiatives and change, while at the same time experiencing challenges in making sense of the strategic initiative and giving sense to other members of the organisation. This dissonance experienced by middle managers tasked with change informed the topic of the research. The current study explores the strategising of middle managers through sensemaking and sensegiving during a strategic initiative in a single case study within a financial services provider in South Africa. The study seeks to examine the phenomenon through the theoretical lenses of the strategy-as-practice perspective, middle manager perspective and the theory of sensemaking and sensegiving. The study adopted a qualitative-exploratory design which involved collecting data through semi-structured in-depth individual faceto-face interviews. Data was analysed through coding, using thematic analysis and the categorisation and interpretation of common themes. Three main themes emerged from the study which were categorised as middle manager dissonance, middle manager sensemaking and sensegiving actions and middle manager practices in sensemaking and sensegiving. These themes offer insight into middle manager strategising, sensemaking and sensegiving during a new strategic initiative. The study concludes that when the organisation introduced a new strategic initiative middle managers’ knowledge was disturbed. These middle managers experienced various emotions as they were trying to make sense of the changes while giving sense to other members of the organisation. Findings confirmed delays in implementation due to lack of understanding of the change by middle managers. The study also concludes that although middle managers experienced challenges initially, they moved into a task of “selling” the new initiative through sensemaking and sensegiving. Middle managers got involved in various practices such as team discussions and information sharing sessions as they make sense and give sense to other team members. Through this interaction, middle managers aligned others and created common understanding while they influence them through sensegiving. Findings of the current study may offer valuable knowledge to organisations in the financial sector and practitioners tasked with v new strategic initiatives. The study also responds to calls for more research using the strategy-as-practice perspective and the theory of sensemaking and sensegiving. / Abaphathi abasesigabeni esiphakathi banikezwe umsebenzi wokuxhasa imizamo emisha kanye nezinguquko, kanti ngesikhathi esisodwa bahlangabezana nezinselele ekwenzeni imizamo yamasu ukuthi izwakale kwamanye amalungu enhlangano. Le nkinga ihlangabezana nabaphathi abasesigabeni esiphakathi abanikezwe umsebenzi wezinguquko ezinomthelela kwisihloko socwaningo. Isifundo socwaningo siphenyisisa ukusetshenziswa kwamasu ngabaphathi abasesigabeni esimaphakathi ngokuveza umbono ozwakalayo kanye nokunikeza umbono ozwakalayo ngesikhathi kunohlelo lwemizamo yamasu kwisibonelo esisodwa ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlinzekana ngezimali eNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningo lunqume ukubukisisa lolu daba ngamehlo omqondo wengqubo yamasu, ngomqondo wabaphathi besigaba esimaphakathi kanye nethiyori yokwenza umqondo uzwakale kanye neyokunikeza umqondo. Uhlelo lwedizayini ehlolisisayo (qualitative-exploratory design) lwamuke lwa, kanti lona lwaluxuba ukuqoqwa kwedatha ngokusebenzisa indlela embaxambili ejulile yenhlolovo yokuxoxisana kwabantu ubuso nobuso. Idatha yahlaziywa ngokuphawula, ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuchaza indikimba kanye nokwehlukanisa izindikimba kanye nokuchaza izindikimba ezejwayelekile. Kuye kwavela izindikimba ezisemqoka ezintathu ngaphakathi kocwaningo, okuyizindikimba ezehlukaniswe njengokungavumelani kwesigaba sabaphathi esimaphakathi, izenzo zabaphathi abasesigabeni esimaphakathi ezinomqondo ozwakalayo kanye nezinikeza umqondo. Lezi zindikimba zinikeza ulwazi olungaphakathi mayelana nohlelo lokuphatha lwesigaba esimaphakathi ekuhleleni amasu, umqondo ozwakalayo kanye nokunikeza umqondo ngesikhathi sokuhlela amasu amasha. Isifundo socwaningo siye saphetha ngokuthi uma inhlangano yethula isu elisha, ulwazi lwabaphathi besigaba esimaphakathi luyaphazamiseka. Laba baphathi besigaba esimaphakathi bahlangabezana nemizwa eyahlukahlukene ngesikhathi bezama ukwenza izinguquko ukuba zibe nomqondo ozwakalayo kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi lezi zinguquko zinikeze amanye amalungu enhlangano umbono ozwakalayo. Ulwazi olutholakele luyaqinisekisa ukuthi kuye kwabakhona ukubambezeleka ekusetshenzisweni kohlelo ngenxa yokuthi abaphathi besigaba esimaphakathi abazwisisanga izinguquko. Ucwaningo futhi luye lwaphetha ngokuthiyize abaphathi besigaba esiphakathi behlangabezene nezingqinamba ekuqaleni, kodwa bangene emsebenzini “wokuthengisa” imizamo emisha ngokukwenza izinguquko zizwakale futhi zilethe umqondo ozwakalayo. Abaphathi abasesigabeni esiphakathi baye babandakanyeka ezenzweni ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezingxoxo zeqembu kanye nezithangameni zokwabelana ngolwazi njengoba benza umqondo ozwakalayo futhi bebenikeza umqondo ozwakalayo kwamanye amalungu eqembu. Ngalokhu kuhlangana, abaphathi abasesigabeni esiphakathi bahlanganisa abanye futhi bakhe ulwazi olufanayo njengoba bebaguqula ngohlelo lokunikezwa kolwazi. Ulwazi olutholakele locwaningo lwamanje lunganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile kwinhlangano emkhakheni wezezimali kanti nabasebenzi ngezimali banikezwe umsebenzi wokucabanga eminye imizamo yamasu amasha. Ucwaningo nalo luphendula ngokucela ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo oluningi ngokusebenzisa umqondo wamasu njengezingqubo kanye nethiyoriyokwenza umqondo ozwakalayo nokunikeza umqondo ozwakalayo. / Batsamaisi ba bohareng ba filwe mosebetsi wa ho tshehetsa merero e metjha le phetoho, empa ba ntse ba kopana le diphephetso tsa ho utlwisisa mekgwa e sebediswang ho fihlela dipheo le ho etsa hore ditho tse ding di utlwisise se etsahalang kgwebong. Ho se dumellane hona ha mehopolo ya batsamaisi ba bohareng ba filweng mosebetsi wa phetoho ke hona ho entseng hore phuputso e etswe ka sehlooho sena. Phuputso e batlisisitse ka mawa ao batsamaisi ba bohareng ba tlang ka oona ka ho tlameha hore bona ba bontshe kutlwisiso ya se etsahalang le ho etsa hore baokamedi ba bona le ditho tse ding di utlwisise, nakong eo ho tluwang ka mekgwa e ka sebediswang ho fihlela dipheo, phuputsong e le nngwe e ithutang ka tsela eo bankakarolo ba palo e nyane ba etsang dintho ka yona phanong ya ditshebeletso tsa ditjhelete Aforika Borwa. Phuputso e hlahloba ketsahalo ena ka kgopolo ya tshebediso ya lewa, ho ya ka mohopolo wa motsamaisi ya bohareng le mohopolokakaretso wa ho utlwisisa le ho etsa hore baokamedi le ditho tse ding di utlwisise se etsahalang kgwebong. Mokgwa wa ho fuputsa e bile wa ho botsa dipotso ka botebo ho fumana dintlha ka botlalo ka ho bokella datha ka ho tshwara diinthaviu tsa molomo le molomo. Datha ena e ile ya sekasekwa ka hloko, e fetoletswe khoutung e sebedisetswang ho e hlopha ho ya ka mookotaba o utlwisisehang. Phuputso e bile le mookaba e meraro e ka sehloohong, e hlophisitsweng ho ya diphapano tsa menahano ya batsamaisi ba bohareng, diketso tsa batsamaisi ba bohareng tse bontshang kutlwisiso ya boemo boo ba leng ho bona le dintho tse etsahalang hore ba kgone ho nka diqeto tse loketseng le diketso bontshang bokgoni ba ho etsa hore baokamedi le ditho tse ding di utlwisise. Mookataba ena e fana ka kutlwisiso mererong e etswang ka hloko, kutlwisisong ya se etsahalang le ho etsa hore ba bang ba utlwisise diqeto tse nkwang nakong eo ho tluwang ka mokgwa o motjha wa ho fihlela dipheo. Phethelo ya phuputso ena e bile hore ha kgwebo e qala ho sebedisa mokgwa o motjha wa ho fihlela dipheo tsa yona, batsamaisi ba bohareng ba a kgathatseha. Batsamaisi bana ba bohareng ba eba le maikutlo a fapaneng ha ba leka ho utlwisisa diphetoho tsena ba ntse ba lokela ho etsa hore basebetsi ba bang ba utlwisisa se etsahalang kgwebong. Ho fihletswe hore moralo ona wa phetoho o dieha ho sebetsa ka ha batsamaisi ba bohareng ba sa o utlwisise. Hape phuputso e phethetse ka hore le ha batsamaisi ba bohareng ba e ba le diphephetso tse itseng ha ba qala, ba qetella ba etsa hore moralo o motjha “o amohelehe” ka hore bona ba bontshe kutlwisiso ya oona mme ba tsebe ho nka diqeto tse tla etsa hore baokamedi le basebetsi ba bang le bona ba utlwisise. Basebetsi ba bohareng ba nka karolo dinthong tse fapaneng tse jwalo ka dipuisano tsa dihlopha tsa tshebetso le dikopanong tseo ho hlahlellanwang ho tsona ha ba ntse ba bontsha kutlwisiso le ho etsa hore basebetsi ba bang ba a utlwisisa. Ka dipuisano tsena, basebetsi ba bohareng ba etsa hore ditho tse ding di be le kutlwisiso eo bohle ba nang le yona ha ba ntse ba etsa hore le bona ba utlwisise. Diphihlelo tsa phuputso ya jwale di ka fa dikgwebo tse leng lekaleng la ditjhelete lesedi la bohlokwa mmoho le basebetsi ba lokelang ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tshebediso ya mekgwa e metjha ya ho tlisa phetoho tshebetsong. Hape, phuputso e fana ka karabo tlhokehong ya dipatlisiso tse ding tsa mohopolo wa ho sebedisa lewa le mohopolokakaretso wa ho bontsha kutlwisiso ya se etsahalang le ho etsa hore ditho tse ding di utlwisise. / M. Com. (Business Management)