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The primary purpose of this study is to explore empirically the relationship between staff perceptions about organisational values and employee theft, with the intention of showing that the perception of strong organisational values in the workplace by employees minimises the occurrence of employee theft. The study focuses on a chain of company supermarkets in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 429 employees from the chosen supermarkets company have answered the questionnaire. Eight top executive staffs including the chairman of the targeted company and 15 store managers were interviewed. Among the findings are that organisational values have been classified into six dimensions as a result of factor analysis and, generally, there are statistically significant relationships between these dimensions and employee theft. The general findings support the main hypotheses of the thesis. The findings also support the hypothesis that employee theft is affected by the level of economic and community pressures as controlling variables for organisational values. The thesis has contributed to both the field of employee theft and the field of retail security theoretically and methodologically as one of the few studies which have been done in Saudi Arabia. Theoretically this study has investigated the relationships between organisational values and employee theft and methodologically by developing both organisational values and employee theft scales. These scales can be utilised for future research. More suggestions for future research and further studies in employee theft in Saudi Arabia are recommended.

Terrorism has come to be considered as one of the defining crises facing the tourism industry. In spite of its importance, the knowledge of how to manage the terrorism crisis in the tourism industry is rudimentary. The main aim of this study is to narrow this gap. In particular, it proposes a conceptual framework applying stakeholder theory to the practical methods used and strategies followed in the management of crises in the tourism industry. The point of departure of this conceptual framework is the twofold premise that stakeholders inherently influence the management of an organization and that the organization should meet their demands and balance their claims. This task, however, is complicated by the fact that stakeholders vary in their salience and that they interact with one another differently. In addition, stakeholder management does not take place in isolation; cultural factors have an influence on the ways that stakeholders interact. These factors constitute the theoretical foundation of the proposed framework. These theoretical assumptions are then applied to the practical postures or strategies that stakeholders adopt in managing terrorism crises in the tourism industry. This conceptual framework is applied in particular to the Egyptian case of the bombings in Sharm El Sheikh, Dahab and Taba. The findings of the study indicate that because of the idiosyncratic nature of terrorism, which is regarded as raising major security issues, the participation of a large number of stakeholders at most stages of crisis management does not necessarily lead to the most effective and efficient crisis management. Instead, as the thesis indicates, a crisis management model in which the crisis stage is dominated by police and security forces and where the recovery stage relies upon the participation of most stakeholders has proved to be both efficient and successful.

Drawing on extensive empirical evidence, taken from a regional Employment Service, this PhD explores in depth, how frontliners cope with the experience of customers' violence on the frontline. Analysis of empirical data led to the finding that frontliners cope in a number of ways which were both collective and individual. The coping mechanisms used were influenced by the different organisational constructions of customer violence. This PhD has brought the emotional labour and the organisational violence literature together using insights from both to inform the other and aid understanding of not only organisational violence in general, but specifically the way that frontliners cope with the experience of customer violence. This is an aspect somewhat neglected in both the emotional labour literature and the organisational violence literature to differing extents. Although the emotional labour literature does examine ways that frontliners cope with the difficulties of customer service, it frequently fails to examine the interplay of the formal and informal organisation in influencing the means of coping used by frontliners and it has yet to consider the way that frontliners cope specifically with customer violence. The organisational violence literature tends to take the concept of violence as an unproblematic, objective term and ignores the fact that violence is a constructed subjective concept. I see this as problematic. The more interpretevist literature, which does recognise the polysemic nature of violence, only considers customer violence in passing. This literature completely fails to consider the part that the customer sovereignty plays in this violence, a significant omission, which I believe, has implications for our understanding of organisational violence. A number of theoretical points from this study have wider implications that are applicable to more than just the regional Employment Service explored. It was found that the customer sovereignty ideology played an important role in not only the ways that frontliners cope, but also in customer violence in general. Customer sovereignty underpinned the invisibility of violence and the concern for customers' well-being over those of frontliners. Both these findings were applicable to other frontline organisations. This study also found that the customer service ideology contributed towards conditions which fostered customer violence. This PhD also found that those with hierarchical power will be able, to some extent; to impose their construction of what is violent on those with less hierarchical power. However, this study emphasises the importance of human agency in arguing that those with less hierarchical power will still be able to contribute to creating organisational reality. Workers were not taken to be passive recipients of the dominant approach, but were helped shaped the construction of violence. This finding has implications for not only the construction of customer violence within organisations, but for the nature of power and the construction of organisational reality. This study has outlined many areas that need further consideration. The relationship between the customer service ideology and customer violence is currently under-researchedM. ore studies are needed examining this in different frontline settings, including both public and private sectors. Specifically, research is needed to consider the extent to which this ideology is used to justify customer violence and difficult frontline conditions in general. In examining the ways that frontliners cope with the experience of customer violence; this study integrated both the emotional labour and organisational violence literature. It is hoped that in using insights from both to inform the other, together with my own empirical research, this PhD has deepened understanding of not only the coping devices used by frontliners, but also customer violence in general.

The occurence of procurement fraud requires from the management of the enterprise, the risk manager of the enterprise as well as the internal auditor to effectively address procurement fraud risks within the enterprise risk management concept. The purpose of the study is to set a procurement fraud risk management process in place which will serve as a comprehensive framework for the enterprise risk manager as well as the internal auditor to limit the enterprise's exposure to procurement fraud risks as far as possible. The study firstly focus on the analysis of the steps within the procurement process which is the starting point for the identification of the fraud risks. Secondly the enterprise risk management model is applied in the format of a procurement risk matrix within the procurement function. The study is an indication that procurement fraud cannot be completely prevented but that the appearance thereof can be limited by means of the extensive procurement fraud risk management model. Recommendations for future studies include the application of the enterprise risk management model in other functional areas within the enterprise. / Die voorkoms van aankoopbedrog vereis van die onderneming se bestuur, ondernemingsrisikobestuurder en interne ouditeur om aankoopbedrogrisiko's effektief binne die konteks van die ondernemingsrisikobestuurskonsep aan te spreek. Die doel van die studie is om `n aankoopbedrogrisikobestuursproses daar te stel wat as `n omvattende raamwerk vir die ondernemingsrisikobestuurder en interne ouditeur kan dien om die onderneming se blootstelling aan aankoopbedrogrisiko's so ver as moontlik te beperk. Die studie fokus eerstens op die ontleding van die stappe in die aankoopproses wat as vertrekpunt vir die identifisering van bedrogrisiko's dien. Tweedens word die ondernemingsrisikobestuursmodel in die vorm van `n aankoopbedrogrisikomatriks in die aankoopfunksie toegepas. Die studie dui daarop dat alhoewel aankoopbedrog nie volkome verhoed kan word nie, die voorkoms daarvan wel beperk kan word deur die toepassing van `n omvattende aankoopbedrogrisikobestuursmodel. Aanbevelings vir verdere studies sluit die toepassing van die ondernemingsrisikobestuursmodel op ander funksionele terreine van die onderneming in. / Auditing / M. Com. (Auditing)

Workplace violence is reported to be on the increase, and within the South African Police Service, the inherently stressful nature of policing leads to high rates of suicide and violent behaviour. Contemporary investigations of workplace violence reveal epistemological, methodological and theoretical biases towards positivistic, rational-empirical approaches resulting in partial understandings and limited scope. This study aimed to qualitatively explore workplace violence as a socially embedded act. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a primary participant and three others directly related to him in order to supplement existing understandings from a social constructionist perspective. Discourse analysis allowed for discovery of socio-historically located discursive networks, while an ethnographic or empathic technique was used to gain insight into the life worlds of participants. Discourses of organisational negligence, betrayal and concurrent discourses of group solidarity and cohesion and organisational culpability reveal a reliance on external locus of control and avoidance coping. Discourses of absolution due to another‟s involvement, retribution, justice, and innocence perverted by a stronger agency relied on strategies of justification, denial, disclaimer, excuse or apology to negotiate positive participant identities. Discourses of masculinity allowed for a corroboration, justification and maintenance of male violence in general, and social discourses of female subjugation and commodification were used as a means to deflect responsibility and as justifications for actions of violence towards women. Inherent in all discourses was a deep socially and historically embedded conception that facilitates violent action as an expression of maleness in all spheres of life. From an ethnographic or empathic perspective, participants‟ world views were polarised around masculinity and femininity, suggesting that an ability to remain unemotional in situations of turmoil is a highly-prized characteristic of maleness, especially in a hypermasculine setting such as the police. The implicit and explicit approbation for the expression of masculine stoicism, as opposed to feminine or „weaker‟ emotions, causes recruits to experience isolation and shame if unable to face traumatic situations with the requisite dispassion, leading to negative coping mechanisms, depression, and suicide or violence. The conclusion can be drawn that prevention of violence relies on extrication of the concept of violence from masculinity at ideological, cultural and social levels within the SAPS, and the concurrent reduction in justificatory discourses reliant on an external locus of control. This has considerable implications, including the radical transformation of the organisation through the development of a clear vision of the future that can be supported by management, members and the community; the empowerment of employees through active participation in decisions and development of skills through training; rigorous modification of the practices that generate inequitable social conditions; and the revolution of cultural practices that venerate and enforce gendered inequalities. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Consulting Psychology)

The occurence of procurement fraud requires from the management of the enterprise, the risk manager of the enterprise as well as the internal auditor to effectively address procurement fraud risks within the enterprise risk management concept. The purpose of the study is to set a procurement fraud risk management process in place which will serve as a comprehensive framework for the enterprise risk manager as well as the internal auditor to limit the enterprise's exposure to procurement fraud risks as far as possible. The study firstly focus on the analysis of the steps within the procurement process which is the starting point for the identification of the fraud risks. Secondly the enterprise risk management model is applied in the format of a procurement risk matrix within the procurement function. The study is an indication that procurement fraud cannot be completely prevented but that the appearance thereof can be limited by means of the extensive procurement fraud risk management model. Recommendations for future studies include the application of the enterprise risk management model in other functional areas within the enterprise. / Die voorkoms van aankoopbedrog vereis van die onderneming se bestuur, ondernemingsrisikobestuurder en interne ouditeur om aankoopbedrogrisiko's effektief binne die konteks van die ondernemingsrisikobestuurskonsep aan te spreek. Die doel van die studie is om `n aankoopbedrogrisikobestuursproses daar te stel wat as `n omvattende raamwerk vir die ondernemingsrisikobestuurder en interne ouditeur kan dien om die onderneming se blootstelling aan aankoopbedrogrisiko's so ver as moontlik te beperk. Die studie fokus eerstens op die ontleding van die stappe in die aankoopproses wat as vertrekpunt vir die identifisering van bedrogrisiko's dien. Tweedens word die ondernemingsrisikobestuursmodel in die vorm van `n aankoopbedrogrisikomatriks in die aankoopfunksie toegepas. Die studie dui daarop dat alhoewel aankoopbedrog nie volkome verhoed kan word nie, die voorkoms daarvan wel beperk kan word deur die toepassing van `n omvattende aankoopbedrogrisikobestuursmodel. Aanbevelings vir verdere studies sluit die toepassing van die ondernemingsrisikobestuursmodel op ander funksionele terreine van die onderneming in. / Auditing / M. Com. (Auditing)

Workplace violence is reported to be on the increase, and within the South African Police Service, the inherently stressful nature of policing leads to high rates of suicide and violent behaviour. Contemporary investigations of workplace violence reveal epistemological, methodological and theoretical biases towards positivistic, rational-empirical approaches resulting in partial understandings and limited scope. This study aimed to qualitatively explore workplace violence as a socially embedded act. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a primary participant and three others directly related to him in order to supplement existing understandings from a social constructionist perspective. Discourse analysis allowed for discovery of socio-historically located discursive networks, while an ethnographic or empathic technique was used to gain insight into the life worlds of participants. Discourses of organisational negligence, betrayal and concurrent discourses of group solidarity and cohesion and organisational culpability reveal a reliance on external locus of control and avoidance coping. Discourses of absolution due to another‟s involvement, retribution, justice, and innocence perverted by a stronger agency relied on strategies of justification, denial, disclaimer, excuse or apology to negotiate positive participant identities. Discourses of masculinity allowed for a corroboration, justification and maintenance of male violence in general, and social discourses of female subjugation and commodification were used as a means to deflect responsibility and as justifications for actions of violence towards women. Inherent in all discourses was a deep socially and historically embedded conception that facilitates violent action as an expression of maleness in all spheres of life. From an ethnographic or empathic perspective, participants‟ world views were polarised around masculinity and femininity, suggesting that an ability to remain unemotional in situations of turmoil is a highly-prized characteristic of maleness, especially in a hypermasculine setting such as the police. The implicit and explicit approbation for the expression of masculine stoicism, as opposed to feminine or „weaker‟ emotions, causes recruits to experience isolation and shame if unable to face traumatic situations with the requisite dispassion, leading to negative coping mechanisms, depression, and suicide or violence. The conclusion can be drawn that prevention of violence relies on extrication of the concept of violence from masculinity at ideological, cultural and social levels within the SAPS, and the concurrent reduction in justificatory discourses reliant on an external locus of control. This has considerable implications, including the radical transformation of the organisation through the development of a clear vision of the future that can be supported by management, members and the community; the empowerment of employees through active participation in decisions and development of skills through training; rigorous modification of the practices that generate inequitable social conditions; and the revolution of cultural practices that venerate and enforce gendered inequalities. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Consulting Psychology)