The increasingly high capital investment required for large autoclaves, ovens and facilities for the processmg of large composite components creates a number of financial constraints for the development and manufacturing of larger composite aircraft products. This thesis has investigated the use of heated tooling as an alternative to the use of autoclave and oven curing. A design and development methodology for heated tools has been proposed while a number of heated tooling options have been identified and described. Three representative heated tool options using heater mats, electro-conductive textiles and wire heater elements have been evaluated. The curing capability of a prototype heated tool incorporating wire heater elements has been proved by carrying out a number of curing tests on RFI (Resin Fihn Infusion) laminates. The moulded laminates indicate that a 78-83% extent of cure is achieved prior to post-cure. The fibre and void content of cured laminates has also been verified through acid digestion and microscopy, where an acceptable fibre volume fraction (Vf) of 55-57% and a void content of less than 2% have been achieved. The usefulness of ID and 3D thermal Finite Element Analysis for the design and simulation of heated tooling has also been studied. A manufacturing and cost analysis study carried out has identified potential production implications, while the cost effectiveness of heated tooling compared to oven and autoclave processmg has been indicated. Cost reductions are noted in capital investments, operational costs and production set-up costs per part. The work described in this thesis gives valuable information for the implementation of heated tooling as a new processing method for aerospace composite products. The information can prove useful when considermg the processing options of large composite parts such as wing spars, fan cowl doors and wing skins.

In 1846 The Right Honourable Thomas Grenville (1755-1846), bibliophile and politician, bequeathed to the British Museum Library one of the largest collections it was ever to receive. The collection of over 20,000 printed books and over 60 manuscripts was formed in the late eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century and is still widely regarded as one of the greatest collections ever formed by a private individual in this country. This thesis is the first detailed study of Thomas Grenville as a man and a collector, and it is the first to take the library itself, and especially the bookbindings within it, as the basis of its investigation. Due to a lack of secondary sources, this work is primarily based on a study of the books themselves, on Grenville's correspondence with his contemporaries, on newspaper reports, and on archival records to explore Thomas Grenville's life and his book collecting in the context of political and social life in the second half of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century. Two chapters on the bookbindings in the Grenville Collection form the centre of this study. They focus on bindings produced for Grenville by London's foremost binders and on his interest in the visible signs of the provenance of many of his bindings. They are supported by chapters on Grenville's life and political career, his collecting practices and relationships with fellow book collectors and bibliophiles as well as with the book trade, the development and use of his library, and the collector's relationship with the British Museum. Furthermore, this study explores the different reasons which led to the bequest of Thomas Grenville's library to the British Museum in 1846. Taken together, all chapters build a detailed and perhaps surprising picture of the man behind the Bibliotheca Grenvilliana

In cultural heritage, the documentation of artefacts can be both iconographic and textual, i.e. both pictures and drawings on the one hand, and text and words on the other are used for documentation purposes. This research project aims to produce a methodology to transform automatically verbal descriptions of material objects, with a focus on bookbinding structures, into standardized and scholarly-sound visual representations. In the last few decades, the recording and management of documentation data about material objects, including bookbindings, has switched from paper-based archives to databases, but sketches and diagrams are a form of documentation still carried out mostly by hand. Diagrams hold some unique information, but often, also redundant information already secured through verbal means within the databases. This project proposes a methodology to harness verbal information stored within a database and automatically generate visual representations. A number of projects within the cultural heritage sector have applied semantic modelling to generate graphic outputs from verbal inputs. None of these has considered bookbindings and none of these relies on information already recorded within databases. Instead they develop an extra layer of modelling and typically gather more data, specifically for the purpose of generating a pictorial output. In these projects qualitative data (verbal input) is often mixed with quantitative data (measurements, scans, or other direct acquisition methods) to solve the problems of indeterminateness found in verbal descriptions. Also, none of these projects has attempted to develop a general methodology to ascertain the minimum amount ii of information that is required for successful verbal-to-visual transformations for material objects in other fields. This research has addressed these issues. The novel contributions of this research include: (i) a series of methodological recommendations for successful automated verbal-to-visual intersemiotic translations for material objects — and bookbinding structures in particular — which are possible when whole/part relationships, spatial configurations, the object’s logical form, and its prototypical shapes are communicated; (ii) the production of intersemiotic transformations for the domain of bookbinding structures; (iii) design recommendations for the generation of standardized automated prototypical drawings of bookbinding structures; (iv) the application — never considered before — of uncertainty visualization to the field of the archaeology of the book. This research also proposes the use of automatically generated diagrams as data verification tools to help identify meaningless or wrong data, thus increasing data accuracy within databases.