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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Ultraviolet photofragmentation spectroscopy of metal dication sandwich complexes in the gas phase combined with DFT/TDDFT calculations

Ma, Lifu January 2013 (has links)
Metal dication-ligand sandwich complexes have attracted intense attention recently for their widely use in catalysis, biochemistry and material science. The experimental techniques developed by our group have allowed forming, confining, cooling and investigating a wide range of metal dication complexes in the gas phase. In this thesis, the ultraviolet photofragmentation studies of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Ca(II) sandwich complexes with aromatic ligands are performed using a hybrid quadrupole ion trap instrument, followed by DFT/TDDFT calculations. The experimental results indicate that the complexes are capable of yielding structured, sometimes conformation resolved, UV spectra. The spectra of metal dication-benzene complexes exhibit features in the wavelength range 220-270 nm and a big raise as the wavelength decreases. The lead dication-bis(toluene) complex spectrum shows some well-resolved features arising from different conformers. The theory suggests that all of these complexes have excitations including significant contributions from the metal-based orbital. The adiabatic TDDFT methodology is able to give reasonable agreement between the calculated excitations and the experimental spectra for the close-shell complexes. But for some open-shell complexes, the calculated excitations are spin contaminated, which need to be discarded or corrected in the future. The degree of spin contamination for selected excitations is qualified by calculating the < S2 > values. For lead and calcium open-shell complexes, most of the excitations that can match the experimental features can be trusted. However, for the copper open-shell complex, only three states are ~90% doublet in their character which are responsible for some excitations that can match the spectra. Challenges such as developing the theory to describe the open-shell system and refining the experimental techniques to improve the resolution of the spectra, still remain.
22

Section 48 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008

Were, Nerima Akinyi 23 August 2012 (has links)
No abstract available Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted
23

Section 48 of Companies Act 71 of 2008 : a critical analysis

Mateane, Nelisi Nene 23 August 2012 (has links)
No abstract available Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted
24

Acquisition of securities : section 48 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008

Wessels, Francois Claassens 24 August 2012 (has links)
This work comprises a critical analysis of the section 48 acquisition of shares. Various predicaments inherent to such distributions are noted, and the financial, accounting, economic and statistical aspects pertaining to such distributions are used as yardstick in an effort to come to terms with the provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. Initially, the section 48 distributions are analysed from a capital-related perspective in order to describe the application of the solvency and liquidity test, the fiction of beneficial interest in the current Act, as well as the effect of the exclusion of shareholder-specific distributions. Apart from capital rules, the internal actions’ description extends to the iusta causae of and minority protection relating to the section 48 distributions. Specific attention is given to board resolutions, the capacity of management to effect such transactions, as well as the duties of directors that have been rendered ineffective due to a change in the role of principal in the principal-agency problem underlying companies. Shareholder protection (specifically the effect of substituting shareholder’s resolutions with impractically phrased board resolutions) and creditor protection (specifically the cumbersome inclusion of “debt instruments” and its illogical nature) are discussed and, where possible, solutions are submitted. As a pragmatic step as an addition to director’s duties, targeted share repurchases have also been discussed. Apart from discussing the common misperceptions inherent to some common terminology, an indication to the meaning of “acquisition of own shares” in section 48(2)(a) is sought, and the different forms that such distributions can take are briefly discussed (including the possibilities pertaining to introducing equity derivatives to create synthetic share repurchases). As for take-overs and fundamental transactions, the relevant scheme of arrangement provisions are taken note of, and themes underlying that topic – disclosure to shareholders, mandatory offers and share repurchases in order to deter take-overs – are included. The section 48(2)(b) subsidiaries’ acquisition of shares in a holding company is not only compared to its version in the 1973 Act, but is also discussed from the perspective of the subsidiaries and of the holding company. Central to the latter is also the possibility of treasury shares and the liberal approach to financial assistance in the current Act. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted
25

Acquisition of securities : section 48 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008

Viljoen, Johannes Arnoldus 10 September 2012 (has links)
Please read the abstract in the dissertation Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted
26

Capital rules in the Companies Act 71 of 2008

Matseke, Mmataka Patricia 30 September 2010 (has links)
No abstract available / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted
27

Capital rules in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (with specific reference to Sections 44 and 48)

Carstens, Cornelius Abraham 02 August 2010 (has links)
No abstract available. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted
28

A critical analysis of Sections 44, 45 and 48 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008

Kgarabjang, Tshegofatso Cornelius 25 July 2013 (has links)
Please read the abstract in the dissertation / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted
29

Taming the road : a GIS-based visualisation and spatial analysis methodology towards retrofitting the intermediate urban mosaic

Mercadé Aloy, Josep 10 February 2016 (has links)
The contemporary networks of towns and cities continue to emancipate themselves by embracing ever larger territories while shaping their interstices in heterogeneous mosaics of settlements and open spaces of variable intensity. The equilibrium of the urban system depends largely on the recognition of the importance of these unavoidable settings, in which the urban form is less sustainable and lacks structure. Although there is extensive literature and debate on this environment, there are fewer instruments of analysis addressed to reading and retrofitting it. This dissertation develops a series of GIS-based spatial analysis tools based on the topology of the road network, taking as the basic component the segment between intersections weighted by the portion of land it supports. In this way, the relationship between settlement/activity spreading and road network is modelled. These precepts underpin the proposed measures which have been named ¿upstream and downstream visualisation.¿ The former accounts for neighbourhood relationships, prioritising those places which have high concentrations of activity in their proximities, even if their spatial configuration is scattered. This reading is combined with the use of complementary centrality measures. The latter makes it possible to load the areas of activity onto the roads which support them. The Vallès Oriental district, included in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, is taken as a case study. The results reveal the intensities of the groupings of settlements and their relative weight in the territory, and at the same time they define the regional vertebrating skeleton on which the gateways of access to the activity are manifested. They also reveal the relational structure of proximity of the city-territory. Moreover, their endogenic potentials are identified, converted into vocations at the moment of directing strategies of urban transformation. A selective activation of these aptitudes is suggested for approaching the retrofitting of the intermediate urban mosaic. / Les xarxes de ciutats contemporànies continuen emancipant-se abraçant territoris cada vegada més amplis mentre transformen els seus intersticis en mosaics heterogenis d'assentaments i espais oberts d'intensitat variable. L'equilibri del sistema urbà depèn en bona mesura del reconeixement de la importància d'aquest àmbits inevitables, en què la forma urbana és menys sostenible i mancada d'estructura. Si bé existeix una àmplia literatura i debat sobre aquest medi en qüestió, existeixen menys instruments d'anàlisi orientats a la seva lectura i reconstrucció. Aquesta tesi doctoral desenvolupa un conjunt d'eines d'anàlisi espacial per entorns SIG basades en la topologia de la xarxa viària, prenent com a component bàsic el segment entre interseccions conjuntament amb la porció de sòl que suporta. D'aquesta manera es modela la relació entre el desplegament de l'activitat/assentaments i la xarxa viària. Amb aquests preceptes es proposen les mesures que s'han anomenat upstream i downstream visualization. La primera dóna compte de les relacions de veïnatge, premiant aquells indrets que tenen concentracions elevades d'activitat en les seves proximitats tot i que la seva configuració espacial sigui fragmentada. Aquest lectura es combina amb l'ús de mesures de centralitat complementàries. La segona permet carregar les conques d'activitat sobre les carreteres que les suporten. La comarca del Vallès Oriental, inclosa a la Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona, es pres com a cas d'estudi. Els resultats evidencien les intensitats dels agrupaments d'assentaments i el seu pes relatiu en el territori i, alhora, defineixen l'esquelet vertebrador regional sobre el qual es manifesten les portes d'accés a l'activitat. Es posa de manifest l'estructura relacional de proximitat de la ciutat-territori. Addicionalment, s'identifiquen els seus potencials endògens que es tradueixen amb vocacions a l'hora de endegar estratègies de transformació urbana. Se suggereix una activació selectiva d'aquestes aptituds per a encarar la reconstrucció del mosaic urbà intermedi.
30

Μελέτη του ρόλου της ενδοθηλίνης και των υποδοχέων της στην παθογένεια της κιρσοκήλης / Study of the role of endothelin and its receptors in the pathogenesis of varicocele

Χονδρογιάννη, Χριστίνα 26 July 2013 (has links)
Η κιρσοκήλη είναι η κιρσοειδής ανεύρεση του οσχεϊκού τμήματος των φλεβών του σπερματικού τόνου (ελικοειδούς πλέγματος). Η κιρσοκήλη έχει αναγνωρισθεί ως μια από τις πιο κοινές αιτίες της ανδρικής υπογονιμότητας. Η συχνότητα στο γενικό πληθυσμό είναι περίπου 15%. Περίπου το 30% - 50% των ανδρών που πάσχει από πρωτοπαθή υπογονιμότητα εμφανίζει κιρσοκήλη. Η κιρσοκήλη είναι περισσότερο συνηθισμένη στην αριστερή πλευρά. Επίσης είναι δυνατόν να εμφανιστεί νωρίς στην ήβη, καθώς και περιστασιακά στα αγόρια που βρίσκονται σε προεφηβική ηλικία. Στα παιδιά η συχνότητα εμφάνισής της θεωρούνταν μικρή, αλλά σε πρόσφατες μελέτες διαπιστώθηκε η ύπαρξή της στο 6% των παιδιών ηλικίας 10 ετών, ενώ σε εφήβους το ποσοστό αυτό ανήλθε στο 16%. Πολύ σπάνια εμφανίζεται πριν από την ηλικία των 7-8 ετών. Παρόλο όμως που η κιρσοκήλη αποτελεί μία τόσο συχνή «πάθηση» στους υπογόνιμους άνδρες και μία συχνή «ανατομική ιδιομορφία» στον γενικό πληθυσμό, η αιτιολογία της παραμένει ασαφής. Παλαιότερες θεωρίες σε σχέση με το μήκος των φλεβών, φαινόμενα «συμπίεσης» κ.α. δεν επαρκούν να εξηγήσουν την τόσο συχνή δημιουργία των κιρσοειδών φλεβών, ούτε την ετερογενή επίδραση που έχουν στη λειτουργία του σπερματικού επιθηλίου. Ένα εξάλλου σημαντικό ερώτημα παραμένει πως είναι δυνατόν η ετερόπλευρη κιρσοκήλη να επηρεάζει τη λειτουργία και των δύο όρχεων! Έτσι τα τελευταία χρόνια διαφαίνεται η ανάγκη ανάπτυξης και επιβεβαίωσης κάποιου βιολογικού μηχανισμού που πιθανώς βρίσκεται πίσω από την ανάπτυξη κιρσοκήλης σε ένα μεγάλο κομμάτι του ανδρικού πληθυσμού. Πρόσφατες μελέτες υποστηρίζουν πως η ανάπτυξη κιρσοειδών φλεβών έχει έναν κληρονομικό χαρακτήρα, ειδικά στους πρώτους βαθμούς συγγένειας. Έρευνες σε περιπτώσεις χρόνιας φλεβικής ανεπάρκειας σε κιρσούς κάτω άκρων, υποδηλώνουν ως πιθανή αιτία την κληρονομική αδυναμία-λέπτυνση του αγγειακού τοιχώματος και δυσλειτουργία του ενδοθηλίου, καθώς καταδεικνύονται από μία παρεκκλίνουσα έκφραση της Ενδοθηλίνης-1 (ΕΤ-1, Endothelin-1) και των υποδοχέων της ΕΤΑ και ΕΤΒ (Endothelin Receptors A, B). Η ενδοθηλιακή δυσλειτουργία και η απρόσφορη παραγωγή της ΕΤ-1 ή των υποδοχέων μπορεί να εμπλέκονται στη δημιουργία νέο-ενδοθηλίου και στη διαστολή των φλεβών οδηγώντας στην ανάπτυξη κιρσοειδών φλεβών. Σε μελέτες κιρσών κάτω άκρων έχει αναδειχθεί ως σημαντικό αίτιο η ελαττωμένη έκφραση των υποδοχέων ΕΤΒ στο τοίχωμα των κιρσοειδών φλεβών, το οποίο οδηγεί σε μειωμένη συσταλτική επίδραση της Ενδοθηλίνης-1. Μία αντίστοιχη δυσλειτουργία θα ήταν αναμενόμενη και στην κιρσοκήλη, στα πλαίσια της γενικότερης βιολογικής συμπεριφοράς των φλεβών που υπόκεινται σε κιρσοειδή διάταση. Ωστόσο τα υπάρχοντα δεδομένα στην σύγχρονη βιβλιογραφία όσον αφορά στους κιρσούς σπερματικών φλεβών είναι υπερβολικά πτωχά. Μέχρι και την έναρξη αυτής της μελέτης μία μόνο μελέτη αναφερόταν σε πιθανή δυσλειτουργία του ενδοθηλίου των σπερματικών φλεβών. Ως εκ τούτο, αναπτύξαμε ως βάση αυτής της μελέτης την υπόθεση εργασίας ότι: η ανάπτυξη κιρσοειδών σπερματικών φλεβών οφείλεται όχι σε «εξωτερικά» αίτια όπως συμπίεση κλπ. αλλά σε ενδογενή βλάβη στην λειτουργία του ενδοθηλίου και συγκεκριμένα σε ενδογενή ελάττωση της έκφρασης της ενδοθηλίνης ή/και των υποδοχέων των σπερματικών φλεβών. Για να ελεγχθεί λοιπόν πειραματικά η υπόθεση εργασίας, οργανώθηκε η παρούσα προοπτική μελέτη ανοσοϊστοχημικού προσδιορισμού της ενδοθηλίνης και των υποδοχέων της σε δείγμα κιρσοειδών σπερματικών φλεβών από ασθενείς που υπεβλήθησαν σε χειρουργική αποκατάσταση κιρσοκήλης λόγω υπογονιμότητας. Η σύγκριση με φυσιολογικές φλέβες έγινε με χρήση φυσιολογικού υλικού από τον αντίστοιχο ασθενή ώστε κάθε ασθενής να είναι ταυτόχρονα και μάρτυρας. Επιπλέον μελετήθηκαν οι μορφολογικές αλλοιώσεις των κιρσοειδών καθώς και ένα σημαντικό μέλος του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ενδοθηλίνης, η ERK1/2 MAP Κινάση, η οποία σχετίζεται με την συστολή των λείων μυϊκών κυττάρων των αγγείων αλλά και με τη ρυθμιστική δράση στον πολλαπλασιασμό, διαφοροποίηση, μετανάστευση των λείων μυϊκών κυττάρων, κοινά ευρήματα στην ανάπτυξη κιρσοειδών φλεβών. Τέλος, σε μία προσπάθεια διερεύνησης της επίδρασης της παραμέτρου του χρόνου στην επίδραση της ενδοθηλιακής δυσλειτουργίας, χρησιμοποιήθηκε υλικό από παιδιά που είχαν υποβληθεί σε επέμβαση κιρσοκήλης. / Varicocele is the pathological finding of varicose veins at the scrotal portion of the spermatic cord (pampiniform plexus) and occurs more selectively on the left side. Varicocele has been recognized as one of the most common causes of male infertility. The frequency in the general population is approximately 15%. Almost 30% to 50% of men who suffer from primary infertility display varicocele. It is also possible to be discovered in early puberty and occasionally in prepubertal boys. In children the frequency of varicocele is considered to be rare but recent studies have shown its presence in 6% of children aged 10 years, while in adolescents this figure rises up to 16%. Before the age of 7-8 years it occurs very rarely. Although varicocele is such a common “disease” in subfertile men and a common “anatomic entity” in the general population, its etiology remains unclear. Previous theories concerning the length of the veins, “compression” phenomena etc. are insufficient to explain the frequency of varicose veins and the heterogeneous effect they may have on the seminiferous epithelium dysfunction. An even more difficult question is how the unilateral varicocele can affect the function of both testicles! Therefore, confirmation of a biological mechanism that probably lies behind the development of varicocele in a large part of the male population seems necessary nowadays. Recent studies suggest that the development of varicoce veins has a hereditary character, especially in first degree relatives. Research in cases of chronic venous insufficiency in lower limbs varicose veins implies the hereditary failure - thinning of the vessel wall and endothelial dysfunction as a cause for varicosity. This is often attributed to aberrant expression of endothelin-1 (ΕΤ-1) and its receptors ETA and ETB (endothelin receptors A, B). The endothelial dysfunction and the inappropriate production of ET-1 or its receptors may be involved in vein wall remodeling and the dilation of veins, leading to the development of varicose veins. In studies concerning varicose veins of the lower limbs decreased expression of ETB receptors in the varicose vein wall and a reduced contractile effect of endothelin-1, have emerged as an important mechanism of varicose veins. A similar dysfunction would be expected in the varicocele setting, as part of the broader biological behavior of veins which are subjected to varicose dilatation. However, the data available in contemporary bibliography regarding the varicose spermatic veins are extremely poor. Until the beginning of this study only one study referring to a possible dysfunction of the endothelium of the spermatic veins was available. Therefore, we developed a working hypothesis that the development of the varicose spermatic veins is not due to ‘’external’’ causes such as compression, etc. but due to endogenous damage to the endothelial function and specifically in reduction of endogenous endothelin and/or its receptors at the spermatic vein wall level. In order to test this hypothesis in an experimental setting we organized this prospective study of the immunohistochemical detection of endothelin-1 and its receptors in varicose veins specimens from infertile patients undergoing surgical correction of varicocele. Normal subcutaneous veins were harvested from each patient at the time of surgery and used as control specimens, so that each patient should serve as its own control. Furthermore, we studied the morphological alterations of varicose veins as well as a substantial part of the endothelin - ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling pathway, which is related to the contraction as well as with the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and migration of smooth muscle cells at the vein wall. Finally, we also included surgical specimens from children who had undergone surgery for varicocele correction at an early age in an effort to investigate the effect of time parameters on endothelial dysfunction.

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