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The dissertation examines the disruption of 'orthotopographic' thought (in other words, in the right place) and the reverberation of 'heterotopology' (or, science of other places), from the 1960s onwards, in order to assess the role of the normative in architecture and urbanism. By examining trajectories of architectural knowledge in this specific period, it is suggested that the process by which architecture and urbanism transformed the utopian project into a diversity of 'other' - heterotopia - practices emphasised, paradoxically, the relevance of 'type' and typological variation. To this end, the research conducted for this dissertation explores the long history of the term heterotopia stretching from the emergence of the term in biology and medicine in the late nineteenth century to its (re)appearance in cultural studies in architecture in the late twentieth century. A similar parallel research on the notion of type across the same extended period discuss~s the various formulations of type within the natural sciences, medicine and the social sciences, and subsequent appropriations in architecture and urbanism. Two major research strategies are used : (1) a critical cross-reference analysis of processes and products within specific fields of knowledge and (2) case studies from architecture and urbanism in relation to their performance and the cultural and spatial practices that produced them. Special attention is dedicated to the international exhibitions Roma Interrota (Rome, 1978), 10 Immagini per Venezia (Venice, 1978-80) and International Bauausstellung Berlin (Berlin, 1979-87). These are studied to evaluate the renewed interest in 'type' and typological variation within 'specific' city formations, through the work of Aldo Rossi and John Hejduk, among others. In particular, the dissertation excises the ordering process of typological resemblance from heterotopia, in favour of an understanding of 'type' as process - not as schema formulated a priori but deduced from a series of instances - within typological series. The series of architectural conditions thus unveiled challenges the process of resemblance usually ascribed to the notion of heterotopia, reinstating a latent process of similitude. Heterotopia then is approached not as a question of the' other' (deferring a peripheral position), bur as a. (requestioning of the 'same' (reinstating a central position) in the discussion on the city and territory.

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This doctoral thesis aimed at identifying factors accounting for the motivation of urban residents in engaging in urban agriculture (VA) on the one hand, and its exclusion from urban development and planning policy in Lusaka on the other. It is based on fieldwork that was carried out in three different locations of the city, namely; Chilenje, Garden Compound, and Seven Miles. The findings suggest that the motivation for UA in Lusaka is embedded in its contribution to urban household food security and income generation. Despite this contribution, field-based investigations revealed that VA is not officially recognised and integrated into planning policy, in spite of some policy and political statements supporting its practice. While a number of factors, such as lack of financial resources and lack of urban space etc, were presented as some of the major constraints hampering the integration of UA into planning policy by the respondents, field survey data and other policy documents revealed that a weak institutional set up and lack of political-will are among several factors responsible for the neglect ofUA in urban planning policy. With the right political-will and institutional set-up, several factors necessary for the pursuit ofVA could be established. Such an approach would not only facilitate the setting up of an infrastructure that could support VA, but would also result into a detailed city-wide inventory of the practice. The availability of reliable data would then provide a useful basis for discussions between city authorities and farmers and this would spearhead the integration of VA into planning policy. With a greater level ofmutual understanding between different actors, the present contradictory official responses might be replaced with a more positive, sensitive and nuanced approach to urban agriculture, where its value to individuals, households and the city as a whole is more fully appreciated. But before this can happen, it is important that everyone is fully aware of the significance of VA for food security, employment, income and ecological benefits, at a time when the city is facing economic constraints and post-adjustment pressures.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the Indian Protected Area (PA) model through a case study of land-use conflicts in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in southern India. India currently has only two types of PAs: national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Conservation policy and law favour a protectionist approach which restricts many kinds of human activities in PAs. Wayanad Sanctuary covers 344 km<SUP>2</SUP> and forms part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (5,520 km<SUP>2</SUP>). The Sanctuary is a dry season refuge for a major population of the endangered Asian elephant <I>(Elephas maximus). </I>However, there are numerous competing subsistence and commercial demands on the Sanctuary's resources from diverse stakeholders including, a large and socio-economically heterogeneous local human population, different sections of the Kerala State Government and the private sector. Wildlife depredations on human life and property are another major management problem. The study sought to understand the origin and nature of land-use conflicts in the Sanctuary and whether these could be resolved within the existing policy and legal framework. A variety of methods were used to achieve this goal. The history of land-use in the study area was examined through secondary sources. The current land-use patterns of different local communities, commercial interests and the government were studied mainly through a stratified random sample survey of 243 households, collection and analysis of unpublished government data and interviews with key informants from different stakeholder groups. Past and present government policy, legislation and management practices concerning the Sanctuary were also investigated. The study revealed important differences between communities in their reliance on the Sanctuary's resources, their experience of wildlife damage and their perceptions of the Sanctuary and of conservation generally. Additionally major inconsistencies between government policy and practice were identified. The dissertation concludes that the magnitude of commercial and subsistence land-uses is inconsistent with the Sanctuary's conservation objectives.

Is it possible to increase physical density whilst limiting the perception of density? This thesis outlines the main determinants of perceived urban density, exploring alternative parameters to those commonly used to define density. The study uses Hong Kong as an urban case study. Findings suggest high perceived density is seen as a negative aspect of urban life in Hong Kong. To create a satisfactory urban environment, means of reducing the perception of density are welcome. A number of candidate urban parameters were investigated and their effects on the perception of density are discussed. Plot ratio has a significant but weak correlation with perceived density. This suggests actual physical density has minor influences on the perception of urban density. However, urban developments with similar plot ratios can exhibit very different urban forms and are thus likely to be perceived differently. This thesis demonstrates spatial openness is a key factor in the perception of density. This study used the sky view factor as a measure of spatial openness. According to findings, the perception of density decreases with increasing sky view. This thesis illustrates the application of the findings through the development of a speculative urban plan for an old district of Hong Kong. The use of the sky view factor coupled with other modelling techniques such as passive zone analysis provides a good indication of spatial openness and urban daylight availability. These output parameters can be used as a basis for performance comparison. The sky view factor provides an indicator for assessing the performances of urban design both in terms of human perception and urban micro-climate, and so this work can shed light on the formulation of new urban planning policy.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the impact of land use planning on the business sector. It adopts a case study approach and focuses upon the impact of regulative policies that have been implemented in a buoyant city centre location - Cambridge - where there has been a strong tendency for businesses to cluster. Regulative planning regimes typically seek to prevent additional building in areas that are deemed likely to become overdeveloped. The rationale for this is to preserve the existing benefits associated with business clusters and prevent diseconomies from taking hold. In effect, regulative land use planning policies impose a supply-side constraint on companies’ development opportunities. Applicants in receipt of a planning refusal notice are forced to alter their intended actions as a result of the existence of the land use planning system. These refusals form an identifiable sub-group of application that are affected by the planning system. The majority of the planning literature that has examined the processes and outcomes of development control has adopted a narrow view of the manner in which businesses react once they have been refused planning permission. There tends to be an assumption that if permission cannot be obtained, the development project will have to be aborted. However, the refusal of planning permission need not foreclose all forms of development to the disappointed applicant. Resubmission of a modified and/or the lodging of an appeal against refusal provided formal mechanisms for further direct interaction with the planning system. In addition, disappointed applicants may take a number of other actions: significantly, the majority of these do not involve direct interaction with the formal planning system. These actions include changing working practices, minor internal adaptation of the existing buildings, and partial or total relocation. These alternative strategies have been examined by researchers working within the disciplines of business management, economic geography, surveying, architecture and facilities management. Although such studies do not explicitly examine the reactions of firms that have been refused planning permission, the concepts that they develop can be modified to address this issue. The thesis draws together aspects of this literature in order to develop a typology of companies’ adaptive behaviour following planning refusal. ‘Planning’ and ‘non-planning’ actions are identified as potential options for the disappointed applicant. The relevance of this framework is then tested in the field, using a case study of office-based firms in Cambridge. The thesis takes into account the characteristics of firms, their relative bargaining power, and the role of their agents as well as the broader economic and political environment in determining which course of adaptive action is undertaken. Finally, the limitations of current planning policy and possible future developments are considered.

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No description available.