Even the most detailed and wide- ranging study of the Soviet Union can only hope to reveal the most partial and incomplete understanding of its social structure and character. As a consequence of this, two different approaches to the study of this huge subject can be, and have been, adopted. The first method is to take a bird's eye view, overlooking large areas of social activity, and attempting to trace the inter-relationships on the large scale. The alternative is to take a small area of social relations, and to understand the society from the details of that single activity or limited range of activities. These approaches are not mutually exclusive: indeed, if a student is to claim with any real substance an understanding of Soviet society, then both methods must be utilized, to complement one another. By combining both methods an attempt can be made at improving and expanding the understanding of any society, and in particular that of the Soviet Union.

Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the 'nature' of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the 'classical,' 'perfect' body, to a late-modern model celebrating the 'freaky,' 'monstrous' body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the 'good' body, moving from a 'restorative' model of 'all-around' development, health, and moderation whose horizon was a return to an unsurpassable standard of 'normality,' to a technologically-enhanced, performance- driven one where 'perfection' assumes the form of an open-ended project towards the 'impossible.' Central in this process is a shift in male identities, as the appearance of the body turns not only into a legitimate priority for bodybuilding practitioners but also into an instance of sport performance in bodybuilding competition. Equally central, and related to the above, is a shift from a model of amateur competition and non-instrumental practice to one of professional competition and extreme measures in search of the winning edge. Explored in its different facets, the currently dominant paradigm, whose origins are traced back to a late-1960s USA context, is shown to have prevailed through aligning itself with a larger ideology of self-actualization and performance as well as a corporate modus operandi. Despite exhibiting increasingly insular tendencies at a national level in the last 20 years, it is shown to reproduce itself and even expand through its global reach

Rugby is a power-oriented sport for which the Olympic lifts are considered supplementary activities in developing explosive strength. However, as complex specialist skills, many strength and conditioning coaches find these difficult to teach. This is compounded by the lack of research into skill acquisition aspects of the Olympic weightlifting, and the conflicting advice offered by cognitive and ecological camps within the motor learning literature. The purpose of the thesis was to investigate the influence of learning strategy on co-ordination when acquiring the weightlifting clean.