The importance of clubs and societies in the social, economic, political, and literary history of the eighteenth century. has been, pointed out by nearly every observer and every student of the period. It is rarely, in fact, that one finds such unanimity of, opinion among authors. Alexander Carlyles Henry Cockburn Thomas Somerville, Henry Buckles, John Gibson Lockhart, Sir Henry, Craik, Henry Gray Graham, and Harold W. Thompson, to name only a few, have all-made particular mention of the role played by the organizations which form the subject of this thesis.

This thesis is primarily concerned with the first two decades of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, founded in 1781. Well known to historians of science and medicine, the society has not been much studied by literary historians. This dissertation aims to rectify this situation by taking the word “literary” in the society’s title seriously, and looking at what it meant by providing readings of its publications and studying its activities. The question is complicated because both “science” and “literature” were terms that were in the process of emerging as separate disciplines. The founders of the MLPS were clear in 1781, however, that “physics and the belles lettres” were jointly involved in a process of “improvement.” The first three chapters take the MLPS from its inception up to 1800, investigating, especially, the pressures put on its associational structure by the French Revolution and the reaction against Joseph Priestley’s influential model of improvement via voluntary association and unlimited discussion. The MLPS had a particularly close relationship with groups associated with William Roscoe and James Currie in Liverpool, both of whom were honorary members. The Literary and Philosophical Society founded at Newcastle in 1793 was the direct result of the friendship between Thomas Percival and William Turner (both of whom had been graduates of the Warrington Academy). My final two chapters concentrate on Liverpool and Newcastle respectively, looking at what their development up to around 1800 can tell us about the ethos at Manchester and the broader spirit of the “literary” culture of these societies in their early decades.

by John Ippocratis Capetanakis. / Originally presented as the author's thesis, (Ph.D.) in the M.I.T. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1978. / Prepared under Office of Naval Research Contract ONR-N00014-64-C-1183. / Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia Peiter.pdf: 1366062 bytes, checksum: e0b82884da5c768cb61affcb50cffecf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / According on the demand for processes that minimize the environmental impact generated by waste, efficient systems that make possible the degradation of these compounds and allow its use as an alternative source for renewable energy generation are increasingly required. The increasing food production to meet the needs of the world population has encouraged the use of agrochemicals in order to ensure productivity in crops. The use of insecticides is increasing to control pests and herbicides for weed control, because there is a lack of effective control that includes new production strategies. Techniques such as crop rotation, no-till system introduction and use of green pesticides (natural insecticides) provide a more sustainable agriculture and reduce impacts to the environment. In this context, this work presents an alternative development of an integrated system for remediation of environments contaminated with simultaneous generation of electricity. The materials were prepared from reagents and accessible metals, which reduce costs and contribute to a clean process, without the addition of organic additives. Due to the high oxidizing potential of hydroxyl radicals generated by the pair electron-hole (e+ + h+) in the semiconductors, was possible to degrade the organic compounds used in the system. The results showed that the generation of current in an area of 6,9 cm2 was 193,37 uA in potassium hydrogen phthalate degradation, using Cu/CuO electrode as a photocatalyst. The Aminol® and Connect® pesticides have been degraded at a percentage of 54,46% and 21,02%, respectively, after 1 hour and 30 minutes in the system, under ultraviolet radiation. The degradation of organic contaminants and simultaneous power generation of energy in integrated system provides a self-sustaining form of wastewater treatment and energy recovery, being possible its use on a large scale. / Em função da demanda por processos que minimizem os impactos ambientais gerados por resíduos, sistemas eficientes que possibilitem a degradação desses compostos e permitam sua utilização como fonte alternativa para geração de energia renovável são cada vez mais requeridos. A crescente produção de alimentos para suprir as necessidades da população mundial tem incentivado o emprego de agroquímicos com o objetivo de assegurar a produtividade nas lavouras. Cada vez mais aumenta o uso de inseticidas para o controle de pragas e herbicidas para o controle de ervas daninhas, pois há carência de um controle efetivo que inclua novas estratégias de produção. Técnicas como rotação de cultura, introdução do sistema de plantio direto e utilização de inseticidas verdes (inseticidas naturais) propiciam uma agricultura mais sustentável e reduzem os impactos causados ao ambiente. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta uma alternativa de desenvolvimento de um sistema integrado para remediação de ambientes contaminados com geração simultânea de energia elétrica. Os materiais foram preparados a partir de reagentes e metais acessíveis, os quais reduzem os custos e contribuem para um processo mais limpo, sem a ação de aditivos orgânicos. Devido ao alto potencial oxidante dos radicais hidroxila gerados por meio do par elétron-lacuna (e- + h+) em semicondutores, foi possível degradar os compostos orgânicos utilizados no sistema. Os resultados mostraram que a geração de corrente em uma área de 6,9 cm2 foi de 193,37 µA na degradação do padrão hidrogenoftalato de potássio, utilizando eletrodo de Cu/CuO como fotocatalisador. Os agrotóxicos Aminol 806® e Connect® foram degradados com percentual de 54,46% e 21,02%, respectivamente, após 1 hora e 30 minutos no sistema, sob radiação ultravioleta. A degradação de contaminantes orgânicos e simultânea geração de energia no sistema integrado prevê uma forma autossustentável de tratamento de efluentes e recuperação de energia, sendo possível sua utilização em grande escala.

This study examines two &lsquo / socialist&rsquo / utopias of the late 19th century: W. Morris&rsquo / s News from Nowhere and E. Bellamy&rsquo / s Looking Backward. The major concern is to question the validity of title &lsquo / socialist&rsquo / for these two texts. The reference points for such an analysis are: modernity, Marxism of the late 19th century and the practice of discipline. In this context, the intention is to find out ruptures and continuities with respect to the central ideas of socialism and basic premises of modernity. The study explorates that there are serious points of rupture in these two texts with respect to the major premises of modernity, because in Morris&rsquo / s utopia there is a romantic search for restoring communism of the 14th century, in Bellamy&rsquo / s text there are typical reactionary modernist suggestions concerning the nature of typical socialist societies. In that sense, due to the disassociation between socialism and modernity in these two texts, it is very problematic to classify these utopias as socialist. The study also questions whether the sources of such disassociation are embedded in Marxism itself. In response to such question, the study argues that this is the case to a great extent.

In this study, the manipulations of history and language in the dystopias of &ldquo / Nineteen Eighty-Four&rdquo / by George Orwell, &ldquo / We&rdquo / by Yevgeni Zamyatin and &ldquo / Brave New World&rdquo / by Aldous Huxley are examined. The principal aim of this investigation is to demonstrate that in these imaginary societies absolute stability is achieved through the manipulations of these two domains. The thesis argues that if the domains of history and language are not taken under control, they are to provide the subjects with the standard of comparisons which would enable them to realize that they are in fact dominated. However, once these domains are manipulated, they are transformed into the means of the dystopian rulers for mentally impoverishing people in a way that they would not be capable of conceiving the flaws within the system and therefore, would not attempt to challenge the order or require a change. In this sense, it is proposed that the subjects of these closed societies, who are formed as a result of the reshaping of history and language, would lack the mental capabilities to identify their subjection and behave automatically in the manner that is imposed on them by the political order. Moreover, in this study, the relationship of the genre dystopia with political theory is explored / it is indicated that dystopias are not only literary works, but rather they are also texts of social criticism containing certain warnings about the future course of events. Relying on this argument, it is claimed that such an invasion of the minds by the control over history and language in our three dystopias is the exaggerated version of the ideological relationships of the individuals to these two realms in the contemporary societies. Thus, having in mind that in the dystopias examined here the manipulations of history and language are the preconditions of the use of other realms (such as religion, sexuality and science), it is concluded that these texts enable modern individuals to see that in order to maintain a critical distance with the established political and social order, the multiplicity of linguistic resources and knowledge of history are very crucial.