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This inquiry addresses questions of continuity and development in Apollinaire's poetry in the major collections <i>Alcools</i> and <i>Calligrammes</i>. Beginning from the premise that continuity and development are the complementary forces which shape Apollinaire's poetics, we set out to reconstruct the search for lyricism in the major poems and key series of poems. Our study of continuity and development is inscribed in the framework of a quest narrative that spans the inception and the conclusion of Apollinaire's poetic venture. The earliest poems of <i>Alcools</i> establish the medieval setting, resurrecting the key figure of Merlin, the Eternal Enchanter and Prophet through whom the poet projects his search for identity, love and poetry. The quest is constantly renewed and transformed across the imaginary space of <i>Alcools</i> and <i>Calligrammes</i>. We explore its metamorphoses in six chapters, beginning with a joint study of 'La Chanson du Mal-Aime' and the major post-1916 poems, particularly 'Les Collines': this allows us to fix the liminal points of Apollinaire's modernist endeavour and thus establish the foundations for a study of continuity and development across the corpus of poems. We then turn to the earliest poems of <i>Alcools</i> and the origins of a search for style that necessitates the expulsion of the Symbolist aesthetic. Pursuing the study of development and continuity leads us to contest the <i>changement de front</i> theory: in this we look to the poetry of 1908 and 1909 as a transitional phase. The fire poems re-enact the post-Symbolist purification of lyricism whilst the 1909 works embrace a human dimension that anticipates the deeper emotion of 'Le Voyageur' and 'Zone'. If the 1912 poems sustain the resonant lyric note of the earlier poems of <i>Alcools</i>, they anticipate the simultanist adventure of 'Ondes', a phase in which Apollinaire combines a more radical formal experiment with a reaffirmation of the permanency of the human quest. In the final chapter we examine the war poetry of <i>Calligrammes</i>. The war experience gives a final ironic endorsement to the quest and presents the poet with new challenges. Apollinaire responds by combining intensity of expression with depth and range of vision in an all-embracing modernist lyric that gives powerful expression to human experience.

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This work is a literary study of the food and drink images in the French lyric poems of Eustache Deschamps, based on the edition of his complete works by the Marquis de Queux de Saint-Hilaire and Gaston Raynaud. Its first chapter considers the historical and social sources for such images, examining not only the physical realities of late medieval society, but also the attitudes to those realities which influenced their representation in lyric poetry. The second chapter surveys the varying uses of alimentary imagery in imaginative French literature to 1350, looking at both thematic and rhetorical possibilities. Thus, the first two chapters combine to form a background against which Deschamps's use of historical realism and literary convention can be studied, so that his particular achievements and innovations can be better assessed. The remaining three chapters concentrate on food and drink in the works of Deschamps himself. Chapter Three discusses how alimentary images contribute to representations of society, sharpening depictions of broad social classes, of smaller social subgroups, of common human experience and of alien cultures. Chapter Four focusses on the implications of ingestion and digestion for the physical and moral individual. Chapter Five examines the rhetoric of food and drink, from their use as elements of proverbs to their role in allegorical satire, metaphor and general poetic structure.