No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Evidence for real development in the city is stressed rather than ideal schemes or building at the Vatican. The existing focus of growth in Pari one is related to the residence of prelates and local aristocrats, often implicated in papal administration. Individual and institutional activity in the property-market is noted. Papal interventions are approached through the personnel; the emergence of Nello da Bologna as responsible especially for Nicholas' building-projects is documented, as is his involvement with comunal offices, particularly during the Jubilee. The leading local builders are identified; their economic dependence on ecclesiastical office or status in the local milieu rather than on papal commissions is noted. Immigrant builders are discussed through the contrast of a well-organised and well-equipped professional Lombard equipe and the career of a versatile individual. Their work in and outside Rome is reviewed. Three cases of urbanistic interventions are identified. The early and unprecedented resort to edicts to promote development in an artificially defined area is related to socio-political and religious factors, in themselves insufficient to explain Nicholas' involvement without consideration of human and classical associations. The significance of the display of papal insignia in the Via Maggiore is elUCidated in terms of the reconciliation of papal authority with traditional claims, especially those of a major confraternity. The urbanistic significance of the papal response to local development and rivalries in the Lateran area is documented. Finally, the scale and economic significance of the construction carried out along the river are noted. Papal and private development at and near the Ponte S. Angelo is discussed; its integration into a unified urbanistic project, recreating a classical street and alluding to miraculous associations of the site, is pOSited. The involvement of the local milieu is documented and interpreted as characteristic of Nicholas' encouragement and guidance of local initiative.

The thesis deals with the men's names found in selected Welsh, Cornish and Breton sources between 400 and 1400AD. The selected sources for the three areas are as follows: for Wales, Welsh Genealogies and Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts, edited by Peter Bartrum; the published Rolls of the 1292 Lay Subsidy; the Black Book ofSt. Davids, 1326; the Dyffryn Clwyd Court Rolls 1292-1 422; the Book of Llandaf, and the Marginalia in the Lichfield Gospels. For Cornwall the source is the Bodmin Manumissions, and for Brittany the sources are: the cartularies of Redon, Quimperle, Landevennec, and Quimper. For all three countries the inscriptions are discussed. The Welsh section is divided into pre- and post-I JOO periods; rankings are provided for the names in the post-II 00 sources and the results from the different sources are compared. This provides information regarding the comparative popularity of names in use in Wales 1100-1400. The process of Anglicisation in Wales can be measured in the use of borrowed names. The contemporary records are compared with Welsh Genealogies to assess the reliability with which names are recorded in WG. The geographical distribution of the names is also considered. The pre-II 00 section compares first the names and constituent elements in WG and the Book of Llandaf, and then compares the names and elements in these sources to those in the Lichfield Gospels Marginalia and the inscriptions. The names and elements found in the Breton and Cornish names are compared both with the Welsh evidence and with each other. The conclusion details the elements used in men's names in the three different areas, and shows which are held in common by two or more ofthe three areas, and which are exclusive to one area.

No description available.

No description available.

This is the study of the systems of intercity goods transport between Paris and LeHavre.

The subject of this thesis is the socio-political relationship between the German and Polish nationalities that inhabited the eastern Prussian provinces of Posen and West Prussia in the period 1871-1914. The thesis begins with an analysis of the paradigms hitherto employed to interpret the German-Polish relationship in the region, as well as a discussion of the branch of nationalism studies concerning borderlands and regions to which this study belongs. The dominant paradigm, both in the period and in historiography, has been of 'conflict'. A national conflict existed throughout most of the nineteenth century, featuring social, economic and political dimensions. This research advances a new paradigm of 'synthesis': the social interaction between Germans and Poles produced qualitatively new identities, social structures, and cultures which transgressed the national divide, and as such, contravened the logic of nationalism as it existed in the region. Consequently, this research posits a dichotomy between 'national' and 'transnational' categories, and this distinction informs the overall structure of the thesis. It is the aim of this study to examine the extent and socio-political significance of transnational modes of thought and behaviour in the provinces of Posen and West Prussia. This research results in a distinct and original conception of 'transnationalism' as deviation from national categories. The thesis therefore represents a contribution to the theory and semantics of transnationalism. It also simultaneously contributes to the understanding of nationalism by demonstrating the limits of nationalism, as an ideology and as a principle of community, and the potential for alternative social units to the nation. The central question of the thesis is explored according to four main facets of the German-Polish relationship: language and semantics, regional politics, marriage and sexual bonds, and cultural institutions. This research is based upon a diverse, and largely original, range of German, Polish and English language source material. The types of primary source material used include newspapers and journals, government and police files, novels, histories and academic studies, contemporary statistics, and political writings, polemics and memoirs.

No description available.